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April 26,2025
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Questo saggio è costituito dagli scritti, elaborati da Calvino, per intrattenere gli studenti dell'Università di Harvard in 6 lezioni sulla letteratura.

I testi risalgono agli anni 80, ma per la maestria, la lungimiranza e la ricercatezza con cui sono stati curati, possono considerarsi di grande attualità (non a caso lo scrittore li compone per proporre le sue linee guida per chi si approccia alla scrittura nel nuovo millennio, ponendosi a sua volta nell'umile ottica del discente, in continua tensione verso il miglioramento dei propri scritti sulla base dei valori letterari che ci espone).
Purtroppo Calvino è morto prima di completare l'ultima lezione e poter esporre a voce questi temi, che spaziano dalla leggerezza, alla rapidità, dall'esattezza alla visibilità, dalla molteplicità alla consistenza, parole chiave che sintetizzano i valori letterari di cui si fanno portavoce le sue lezioni, caratterizzate da una raffinata ricerca e da una conoscenza approfondita della letteratura, non solo italiana ma internazionale, non solo contemporanea ma anche classica, risalente a qualsiasi periodo storico.

Sembra quasi di vedere in cattedra questo scrittore a intrattenere gli studenti, dando loro lo spunto per fare approfondimenti, rispetto a tutte le tematiche che ci presenta, accennandole e cogliendone il senso profondo senza approfondirle con la pedanteria o la spocchia di certi uomini di vasta cultura, bensì esponendole con leggerezza e sinteticità, certo di aver gettato un seme di interesse, senza la pretesa che questo germogli in egual modo in ognuno.

La ricchezza degli spunti è talmente vasta che è difficile sintetizzarla senza perderne particolari importanti. Non mi soffermerò, pertanto, su nessuna delle lezioni in particolare, mentre ne consiglio vivamente la lettura proprio per farsi un'opinione personale e avviare un proprio approfondimento delle tematiche, degli scritti, dei letterati e scrittori che Calvino cita mirabilmente in qualsiasi passaggio di quest'opera. Io stessa proseguirò nella lettura di un altro dei suoi saggi, "Perché leggere i classici?", proprio perché ritengo che sia notevole il modo col quale egli ci racconta la letteratura di tutti i tempi sapendola collocare e interpretare nei contenuti con rigore, precisione e sinteticità.

Una bella scoperta!
April 26,2025
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چاپ جدید کتاب از نشر مرکز پیدا می‌شود و خواندنش برای هر اهل ادبیاتی واجب‌تر است از هزارتا حرف بی‌حسابی که این‌طرف آن‌طرف از این کارگاه و آن آدم و این کانال تلگرامی شنیده یا خوانده است؛ چون صیقل روح نوشتار در تاریخ نوشتن را نشان می‌دهد و رگه‌های درخشانی از قرن‌های پیش تا حالا پیش چشم می‌کشد و نشان می‌دهد.
خواننده‌ای که در نوشتن کوششی کرده باشد و بهش جدی فکر کرده باشد و در نوشتن سختگیر باشد از این کتاب لذتی خواهد برد نگفتنی. این را به تجربه‌ی دوستان نزدیک شاهد بودم که ظرافت‌های کالوینو در تعبیرها چقدر راهگشاست.
April 26,2025
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"Minha confiança no futuro da literatura consiste em saber que há coisas que só a literatura com seus meios específicos nos pode dar."
April 26,2025
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Reaffirmed my reoccurring nightmare that I’m too rational to fully submit to artistic thought (because what is he going on about half the time?)

Ultimately, a series of college lectures that have been transcribed into a single book is going to read exactly like that — unbelievably dense at times, crammed with references to references, and often incomprehensible unless you take it at the sentence level. If you have time to consider this work the way it’s meant to be considered, then it’s great at times.

Clearly, Mr. Calvino and his translator did not graduate from an IB school, because the practice of NOT integrating your reference quotations into the larger body text has not been vigorously bred out of their systems. A note to the translator — it’s best to know your audience, and primarily English speaking people are the single most ignorant and self-obsessed group in the entire world. We don’t need the first three pages of a fully German text only to have it translated to English three pages later.

Finally, if the crux of this work is that Borges’ legacy is to be envied, I am convinced and this work had worked on me.
April 26,2025
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What a pleasure it was to spend time in the company of Calvino, chatting to me like an erudite and engaging friend, expounding on his ideas about literary composition as I rode the bus or train (I refrained from reading 'Six Memos' when at the wheel of my car). Along the way, he shared extensive extracts from some of his favourite writers and it was fun to catch the cadences of the original Italian, German and French.

It was a melancholy journey too. The five essays here were prepared by Sig. C in preparation for a series of talks to American students. The sixth was never written. Calvino died of a brain haemorrhage before he could begin. And that would mean there would be no further works from the author of 'Invisible Cities' and 'If on a Winter's Night', 'Diffficult Loves' and 'The Baron in the Trees'. This leaves one feeling bereft also. Imagine what more might have come from quella penna - the brilliant 'Palomar' had appeared just two years before.

And coming from the pen of Calvino, this is not a straightforward guide to writing, there are no chapters on plotting and point of view or the use of commas and semi-colons. Sig. C themes his talks into qualities that great literature might possess, providing us with an insight into his compositional process as he does so. These qualities are elusive yet pertinent: lightness, quickness, exactitude, visibility, multiplicity. We shall never know what he had to say about consistency...

'Lightness' and 'Quickness' tell us much about Calvino's approach. 'Lightness' involves both the removal of unnecessary words and transporting the reader on a fantastic journey, on a magic carpet ride or the like. It explains his fondness for fairy tale and myth. Then there is quickness, the brevity to be found in the chapters in 'Invisible Cities' and 'Palomar'. He cites a concisely-told legend about Charlemagne's love for a young woman as the template for this ideal.

'Visibility' explores the link between an image and the words that describe it, and, inter alia, the matter of which came first. Calvino argues that for some writers it's the latter and for others (himself included), it's the former. He says that many of the 'Cosmicomics' began with a single image or vision around which the brief tale was built. He quotes from Dante and Loyola, suggesting that they worked in the same way, employing their "mental cinema" (what a superb phrase!) to describe the unseen, their visions of heaven and hell.

Calvino cites Carlo Emilio Gadda (hitherto unknown to me) and Musil as producers of 'Multiplicity', pursuing the encyclopaedic, elaborating and digressing, even preventing the latter from being able to complete his work. He cites Flaubert and Proust too then brings things up-to-date (c. 1985) with his admiration for Borges and Perec (it was reciprocated). And who better to represent this concept than the two great writers who explored the encyclopaedic through such very different methods?

I think my favourite quotation of all came from 'Exactitude', where Calvino showed us another Italian genius at work, da Vinci revising his description of a sea monster, inspired by the unearthing of a fossilised creature (I was also fascinated to learn about the old theory that the earth was expanding and swallowing up such specimens):

O how often were you seen amid the waves of the vast and swollen ocean, like a mountain defeating and subduing them, and your black and bristling back ploughing through the waters, and your stately, solemn bearing!

Here Calvino seeks to present the exactitude of both abstract concepts and the visibly perceived. He also quotes that exquisite passage from his own work where Polo describes the square of a chess board to Khan and the history of the tree that was felled to make it.

These essays are a delight for the reader and writer alike. Grazie mille, vecchio amico, e riposa in pace.
April 26,2025
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Bellissimo saggio di Calvino su alcuni valori da conservare nel nuovo millennio. Oltre a tante e profonde riflessioni sullo scrivere Calvino ci parla di opere letterarie specifiche portando vari esempi, veramente illuminante in alcuni punti è chiaro come Calvino fosse un fine conoscitore dell’arte del romanzo e del mondo della letteratura. Bellissimo , lo consiglio a chiunque
April 26,2025
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Lightness

I have tried to remove weight, sometimes from people, sometimes from heavenly bodies. Sometimes from cities

At certain moments I felt that the entire world was turning into stone

With myths, one should not be in a hurry

It is better to let them settle into the memory

It is true that software cannot exercise its powers of lightness except through the weight of hardware

The iron machines still exist, but they obey the orders of weightless bits

Quickness

Death is hidden in clocks

Tristram Shandy does not want to be born, because he does not want to die

Borges was to pretend that the book he wanted to write had already been written by someone else, some unknown hypothetical author

Exactitude

We live in an unending rainfall of images

Much of this cloud of visual images fades at once, like the dreams that leaves no trace in the memory

And what does not fade is a feeling of alienation an discomfort

The poet of vagueness can only be the poet of exactitude

What is unknown is always more attractive than what is known

Man therefore projects his desire into infinity and feels pleasure only when he is able to imagine that this pleasure has no end

There is the word that knows only itself

Depth is hidden. Where? On the surface - Hofmannsthal

The word connects the visible trace with the invisible thing, the thing that is desired or feared

Visibility

Fantasy is a place where it rains

Multiplicity

What tends to emerge from the great novels of the twentieth century is the idea of an open encyclopedia
April 26,2025
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Ho messo in lista questo libro dopo aver letto questo post del blog "Zelda was a writer"

Allora, grazie Zelda :) e vi lascio con una delle frasi che più mi è piaciuta: "La fantasia è un posto dove ci piove dentro"
April 26,2025
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Somehow Calvino managed to spend 150 pages talking about concepts without ever telling us exactly what those were. Are they all the same thing? Is it actually all right to seek to emulate the opposite ideals? Probably. I liked a few parts of this. I think it succeeds at being interesting and perhaps even good (for by not telling us exactly what he means, he occasionally manages to demonstrate & display his philosophies). But I don't think I learned anything substantial and I would rather have just read the works he was talking about.

The most fascinating section was "quickness," which is really much more about continuity and circularity. "multiplicity" and "exactitude" were the same thing -- or opposites -- I don't know. "visibility" was, um, having interesting imagery? or maybe working intentionally from precise imagery to the written word? or both? & "lightness" was not what it sounds like. I think. The best way to try and understand all this is that Ovid's Metamorphoses appears to be one of the best examples of all five traits.
April 26,2025
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Calvino's lectures, prepared but not delivered late in his career, are just as thought-provoking as his fiction. He discusses some key, broad aspects of literature, and his personal discoveries of certain propulsive forces in writing. His discussion of Multiplicity I found most interesting, and the way he categorized encyclopedic and plural texts. It will certainly aid your understanding if you are already familiar with Flaubert, Gadda, Balzac, Ovid, Dante, Boccaccio, Shakespeare, Mann, Goethe, Poe, Borges, Calvino, Leopardi, Eliot, Joyce, Perec, da Vinci and more, but familiarity is by no means required for enjoyment. Skillfully, Calvino ropes in the work of all of these authors, outlines their methods in some measure and suggests how precisionism or autodidacticism or lightness and suggestion led into the completion or success of the work. By handling a wide range of styles and general approaches, Calvino offers a splendid viewpoint of artistic achievements of the mind.

There are many quotes, especially from the Zibaldone, which could have used some condensation. But it is easy to see how Calvino's own work, such as If On a Winter's Night, Cloven Viscount, Baron in the Trees, Nonexistent Knight, Invisible Cities, Palomar, Cosmicomics and other books, were inspired by literary predecessors, and he even reveals the sparks of intuitive imagination that led to their shape and form.
April 26,2025
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Primo valore: leggerezza. Un processo di sfoltimento, di eliminazione dell’eccesso, una «sottrazione di peso» in grado di coinvolgere sia i soggetti che lo stile, il chi/cosa e il come di ogni storia. Mi immagino un Calvino scultore, scalpello in pugno, rapido e preciso nei movimenti, secco nel colpi, che dall’ingombro marmoreo iniziale fa gradualmente emergere la sostanza della narrazione. Leggerezza è parità coordinante, un pulviscolo alfabetico pronto a dar vita a parole, frasi e testi interi. Non è sinonimo di frivolezza o di banalità, ma tenta in tutti i modi di opporsi ad una realtà gravida di peso.

Secondo valore: rapidità. Il tempo narrativo è fondamentale per tenere incollato il lettore alla pagina. Nei panni di una Scheherazade rediviva, deve promuovere accelerazioni e rallentamenti, quando e dove sono richiesti dal battito di un cuore pieno d’aspettativa.

Terzo valore: esattezza. L’unico modo per rappresentare l’immagine di un qualcosa che, in principio, esiste solo nella nostra mente è attraverso una graduale serie di approssimazioni, che si avvicinano sempre più al risultato desiderato, lasciando al tempo stesso un’infinitesimale insoddisfazione che spinge a continuare la ricerca. Lo stesso Leopardi, fautore della poetica del vago, accetta e adopera la concretezza di esempi e situazioni specifiche nel tentativo di spiegare cosa fosse, per lui, l’indefinito.

Quarto valore: visibilità. L’immagine permea l’esperienza della letteratura dalla fase di ideazione a quando si scrive l’ultima parola: l’opera nasce a partire da un’immagine che si fa via via più nitida e sono immagini quelle che si affacciano nella mente di ogni lettore per rendere vive parole scritte nero su bianco.

Quinto valore: molteplicità. La realtà è il frutto di un groviglio di cause ed effetti. Questo uno scrittore come Gadda l’aveva ben presente, tanto da trasformare in una matassa inestricabile anche i suoi capolavori. Ogni cosa è collegata a un tutto presente, passato e futuro, fino a generare un enciclopedismo che si estende, come una rete, nel tempo e nello spazio.

Questi i paradigmi che per Calvino avrebbero dovuto definire la letteratura del nuovo millennio, selezionati in un momento in cui il mondo iniziava ad affacciarsi su un futuro di interrogativi e speranze, a lui violentemente sottratto senza che potesse nemmeno sfiorarlo. A prescindere dal condividere o meno la sua visione, questione a mio avviso troppo implicata con lo stile di ognuno per poter peccare di universalità, la riflessione portata avanti in queste pagine è stata in grado di aprire uno spiraglio sulla forma mentis di uno scrittore che amo follemente, permettendo di navigare in pensieri altrimenti inaccessibili. Gli ultimi giorni sono stati un viaggio attraverso e oltre Calvino, in cui ho per un attimo riabbracciato secoli di autori per poi essere proiettata verso quelli che ancora avrebbero dovuto arrivare.
April 26,2025
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"...Literature is the Promised Land in which language becomes what it really ought to be...."
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