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This is a fascinating and iconoclastic reinterpretation of the meaning of art by Tolstoy. In this work, the world-renowned novelist disavows much of his own artistic work, and much of what passes for art. Tolstoy criticizes the understanding of art as merely the expression of beauty (or pleasure). Indeed, he redefines art as cultural expressions motivated by a given emotion which lead their audiences to feel the same or similarly to the artist conceiving of the work. For Tolstoy in this work, art serves the purpose of uniting humanity into a loving collectivity. His puritanism is showing in his rejection of the (Greek) standard of beauty for art, as in his sexual austerity, but his overall argument is certainly inseparable from his advocacy of Christian anarchism. In this sense, the ideal of art "bec[omes] not the grandeur of a pharoah or a Roman emperor, not the beauty of a Greek or the wealth of Phoenicia, but humility, chastity, compassion, [and] love" (p. 128).