The Electra of Euripides

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1913. The Electra of Euripides has the distinction of being, perhaps, the best abused, and, one might add, not the best understood, of ancient tragedies. The Electra has none of the imaginative splendor, the vastness, the intense poetry, of the tragedy of The Trojan Woman. It is a close-knit, powerful, well-constructed play, as realistic as the tragic conventions will allow, intellectual and rebellious. Its psychology reminds one of Browning or even of Ibsen. In this book, the Electra is translated into English rhyming verse.

98 pages, Paperback

First published January 1,-0420

This edition

Format
98 pages, Paperback
Published
May 5, 2006 by IndyPublish
ISBN
9781421973494
ASIN
1421973499
Language
English
Characters More characters
  • Orestes

    Orestes

    In Greek mythology, Orestes (Greek: Ὀρέστης) was the son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. When his father returned from the Trojan War, he was murdered by Clytemnestra and her lover, Aegisthus. Orestes went into exile and swore to get revenge. After he reac...

  • Electra

    Electra

    In Greek mythology, Electra (Greek: Ἠλέκτρα, Ēlektra) was an Argive princess and daughter of King Agamemnon and Queen Clytemnestra. She and her brother Orestes plotted revenge against their mother Clytemnestra and step father Aegisthus for the murder of t...

  • Pylades

    Pylades

    ...

About the author

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Euripides (Greek: Ευριπίδης) (ca. 480 BC–406 BC) was a tragedian of classical Athens. Along with Aeschylus and Sophocles, he is one of the three ancient Greek tragedians for whom any plays have survived in full. Some ancient scholars attributed ninety-five plays to him, but the Suda says it was ninety-two at most. Of these, eighteen or nineteen have survived more or less complete (Rhesus is suspect). There are many fragments (some substantial) of most of his other plays. More of his plays have survived intact than those of Aeschylus and Sophocles together, partly because his popularity grew as theirs declined—he became, in the Hellenistic Age, a cornerstone of ancient literary education, along with Homer, Demosthenes, and Menander.
Euripides is identified with theatrical innovations that have profoundly influenced drama down to modern times, especially in the representation of traditional, mythical heroes as ordinary people in extraordinary circumstances. This new approach led him to pioneer developments that later writers adapted to comedy, some of which are characteristic of romance. He also became "the most tragic of poets", focusing on the inner lives and motives of his characters in a way previously unknown. He was "the creator of ... that cage which is the theatre of William Shakespeare's Othello, Jean Racine's Phèdre, of Henrik Ibsen and August Strindberg," in which "imprisoned men and women destroy each other by the intensity of their loves and hates". But he was also the literary ancestor of comic dramatists as diverse as Menander and George Bernard Shaw.
His contemporaries associated him with Socrates as a leader of a decadent intellectualism. Both were frequently lampooned by comic poets such as Aristophanes. Socrates was eventually put on trial and executed as a corrupting influence. Ancient biographies hold that Euripides chose a voluntary exile in old age, dying in Macedonia, but recent scholarship casts doubt on these sources.

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Rating(3.9 / 5.0, 99 votes)
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April 25,2025
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Plot Summary:
Agamemnon, King of Sparta is betrayed and killed by his wife Clytemnestra after returning from the Trojan War. Clytemnestra marries Aegisthus and both are afraid of retribution from Agamemnons son and daughter. The son, Orestes, is removed from Sparta by a tutor loyal to Aga. before his new stepdad has a chance to kill him. The daughter, Electra, is married off to a peasant to try and prevent her from begetting heirs strong enough to avenge Agamemnon. Play opens. Orestes returns to sister from exile, they plan to take revenge. They find the tutor, who tells them Aegisthus is in a nearby field. Orestes goes and kills Aegisthus. They invite Clytemnestra to Electras house on the pretence of her having given birth. Once there, they kill her. Then, the demigod Castor appears to them and denounces them on account of committing matricide. They are forced into shameful exile. Play ends.

Given how dramatic this sounds there is really very little drama or tension in the play. The characters tell us what they are about to do, go and do it, (often off screen) and then come back and tell us how they did it.
April 25,2025
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Adoring Sophocle's Electra, which I read in college, I decided to read the version of Euripedes, who critics claim writes far more cynically (about gods and humankind), to see how he handled the drama. Euripide's version was exalted, dark, and tragic, much like the version by Sophocles, but the characters and their motives were strikingly distinct. Euripides has the more somber and realistic vision of the two dramatists.
The character Electra as imagined by Euripides sank beneath hardship, self-pity and the need to dramatize to all about her how deeply she suffered. She made note of her father, but that was not the great injustice in her mind. Rather, she dwells on how poorly she had been treated. Electra, as realized by Sophocles, had been redeemed by love for her brother Orestes, and love for her murdered father. She had love as a resource after she had wreaked her terrible and mysterious revenge upon her mother. In contrast, the Electra of Euripides was exhausted and once those she hated had been dispatched, she had nothing to turn to and became reduced to a shell of a human being. There is something in me that prefers the vision of Euripides, whose dramatic decisions indicate that vengeance cannot satisfy any appetite nor leave love behind its wake as a resource. Her rage against her mother accomplishes nothing other than to reduce Electra to nothing. Orestes, according to Euripides, is a coward, unlike the determined and self-confident Orestes produced by Sophocles. I praised how Euripides showed him hesitating before killing his mother. The scene was rendered as putrid and revolting, rather than a scene of just death, anguish, and retribution. One feels contaminated by their murder of their mother Clytemnestra. Euripides produced a play of unremitting tragedy, whereas Sophocles, a true devout believer, offers hope and love in the end.
I recommend highly that both versions be read together in order to taste the contrasts and tensions which continue to make ancient Greek culture so vital.
April 25,2025
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الکترا نام یکی از اساطیر یونانیان است که توسط هر ۳ تراژدی‌نویسِ بزرگ یونان یعنی سوفوکلس٬ آیسخولوس و اوریپید نمایشنامه‌ای برای آن نوشته شده که هر یک از این سه نفر٬ شخصیت الکترا را بنابر فهم و افکار خود نقل نموده‌اند که ما در این کتاب تراژدی را از قلمِ اوریپید می‌خوانیم.

در ابتدا عرض می‌کنم که این تراژدی توسط آقای غلامرضا شهبازی ترجمه و توسط نشر بیدگل چاپ و منتشر گردیده است٬ ترجمه‌ی نمایشنامه روان و خوانش آن ساده و لذت بخش است.

در مورد افسانه به جهت اینکه حاوی مطالبی‌ست که مفاهیم آن را اسپویل می‌کند آن را مخفی کرده‌ام تا موجبِ رنگشِ ‌خاطر عمومِ‌ عزیزان نگردد و اگر دوستی تمایل به خواندنِ آن داشت اقدام کند.

در روزگاری شخصی به نام آگاممنون شاه و فرمانروای آرگوس بود و از همسری به نام کلوتایمنسترا فرزندانی به نام اورستس(پسر) و الکترا(دختر) داشت٬ او به شرح داستانی که در کتاب خواهیم خواند به جنگی در تروا می‌رود و پس از برگشت با توطئه همسرش به قتل می‌رسد. همسرش پس از کشتن شاه با معشوقه‌ی خود به نام آیگیستوس ازدواج می‌کند٬ شاه جدید از ترس اینکه اورستس با کینه‌ نسبت به قاتلِ پدرش بزرگ شود و در پی انتقام برخیزد در فکر کشتن او بود اما آموزگارِ پیرِ شاهِ قبلی (آگاممنون) اورستس را به سرزمینِ فوکیس برده و با سپردنِ‌ او به استروفیوس جان او را از مرگ نجات می‌دهد. الکترا دختر آگاممنون و دیگر فرزندِ شاهِ کشته شده نیز در ابتدا در کاخ می‌ماند اما او نیز توسط مادرش طی ازدواجی اجباری به عقدِ‌ دهقانی در می‌‌آید و به این سبب از کاخ بیرون رانده می‌شود. دهقان مردِ شریفی است و خود را لایق همبستری با الکترا نمی‌داند و به همین جهت الکترا اسما متاهل اما در باطن دوشیزه باقی مانده بود و به جهت لطف و احترامی که از دهقان می‌دید در کارهای خانه مانند یک کنیز کمک می‌کرد. روزی که کنار چشمه مشغولِ پر کردن کوزه‌ی آب بود برادرش به همراه دوستش پیلادس (شاهزاده‌ی فوکیس) به نزد خواهرش می‌آید و خود را در ابتدا آشنایی که از برادرش خبر دارد معرفی می‌کند و به شرحی که در کتاب می‌خوانیم توسط همان آموزگارِ پیر شناخته و به خواهرش معرفی می‌شود. آموزگارِ پیر به اورستس می‌گوید هنگامِ آمدن به اینجا شاه(قاتل پدرت) را دیدم که در بیشه‌زاری مشغول آماده کردن قربانی بود و با راهنمایی او اورستس در پی انتقام به قربانگاه می‌رود و ابتدا آیگیستوس(شاهِ جدید و قاتلِ پدرش) را و سپس با نقشه‌ای که خواهرش کشیده بود مادرش را می‌کشد. پس از کشتن مادر٬ اورستس و الکترا به شدت پیشیمان می‌شوند و از عذاب وجدان رنج می‌برند٬ الکترا بیشتر بخاطر اینکه برادرش تمایلی به کشتن مادر نداشت اما او برادرش را شورانده بود٬ در این میان آنها ۲ جسد را به بیابان برده و آنان را تقدیمِ‌ زئوس(پادشاهِ خدایان) می‌کنند اما کاستور و پولوکس(فرزندان زئوس) در آسمان بر آنها ظهور می‌کنند و در تصمیم خدایان را بر آنها فرمان می‌دهند که هر ۲ باید به سبب قتلی که مرتکب شده‌اند آرگون را ترک کنند و این مجازات آنان است: الکترا باید به عقدِ‌ پیلادس در آید و به سرزمین فوکیس برود و اورستس به دلیل اینکه مرتکب ۲ قتل شده به مجازاتِ‌ قتلِ مادر برای اینکه از خشمِ الهه‌های خشم و انتقام به دور باشد باید به آتن برود و به آتنا پناه ببرد تا اینکه در دادگاه‌ِ خدایان حاضر شود...

طبق تحقیقی که انجام داده‌ام و متنی که مترجم در انتهای کتاب بیان نموده٬ اوریپید نمایشنامه‌ی دیگری اینبار به نام اورستس نیز نوشته است که افسانه را پس از قتل مادر تا زمان دادگاهِ‌ مجازاتِ او نقل می‌کند که متاسفانه من نسخه ترجمه شده‌ای از آن نیافتم.

در آخر باید عرض کنم که ما‌ تراژدی‌ها را می‌خوانیم تا از آنها لذت ببریم٬ اینکه این نمایشنامه ۴۱۷ سال قبل از میلاد مسیح به روی صحنه رفته طبیعی‌ست که طرز فکر ما به نسبت طرز فکر مردمان یونانِ باستان در آن زمان بسیار متفاوته و من به شخصه بنای قضاوت شخصیت‌ها در تراژدی‌ها را ندارم صرفا آن‌ها را می‌خوانم تا با خلقیات مردمان آن دوران آشنا و از این افسانه‌های جذاب لذت ببرم. در مورد امتیاز نیز عرض کنم که من همیشه نمره‌های خودم را به نسبت موارد مشابه مقایسه و منظور می‌کنم برای مثال وقتی افسانه‌های تبای از سوفولکس را خارق‌العاده خواندم و ۵ستاره دادم این کتاب در سطحی نبود که به ۵ستاره فکر کنم٬ ضمنا یک ستاره‌ی دیگر نیز از آن کم کردم چون در اکثر اوقات نویسنده از بیان جزئیات فرار و به کلی گویی قناعت کرده بود٬ ‌به همین منظور ۳ستاره برای این تراژدی دوست داشتنی در نظر گرفتم.
April 25,2025
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damn, electra had some deeply ingrained internalised misogyny going on.
April 25,2025
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We finally got to find out how Aegisthus was murdered.
My favourite part of this play was seeing how Electra's character is written differently from her character in the Orestia. In there, she's given very little dialogue or agency, as apparently befits a woman of that time.
This Electra is outspoken, yelling at her relatives for the things they should have done for her, and taking an active part in the action of the story. Euripides writes women better, I guess.
April 25,2025
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این تراژدی ماجرای الکترا و برادرش (اورستس) است که انتقام قتل پدر خود (آگاممنون) را از مادرشان (کلوتایمنسترا) می گیرند
سه نمایشنامه نویس مطرح یونان یعنی اوریپید، آیسخولوس و سوفوکل، یکی از نمایشنامه های خود را به طور کامل به الکترا اختصاص داده اند
April 25,2025
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In questa tragedia ho rivisto la crudezza delle migliori opere di Euripide. Sarà che la saga degli Atridi mi affascina sempre non poco, ma la vendetta di Oreste ed Elettra ha una bellezza feroce che si percepisce anche qui. Interessante tutto il background della storia di Elettra, a cui finalmente viene dato spazio.
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