Auschwitz Trilogy #3

The Drowned and the Saved

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In his final book before his death, Primo Levi returns once more to his time at Auschwitz in a moving meditation on memory, resiliency, and the struggle to comprehend unimaginable tragedy.

Drawing on history, philosophy, and his own personal experiences, Levi asks if we have already begun to forget about the Holocaust. His last book before his death, Levi returns to the subject that would define his reputation as a writer and a witness.

Levi breaks his book into eight essays, ranging from topics like the unreliability of memory to how violence twists both the victim and the victimizer. He shares how difficult it is for him to tell his experiences with his children and friends. He also debunks the myth that most of the Germans were in the dark about the Final Solution or that Jews never attempted to escape the camps. As the Holocaust recedes into the past and fewer and fewer survivors are left to tell their stories, The Drowned and the Saved is a vital first-person testament.

Along with Elie Wiesel and Hannah Arendt, Primo Levi is remembered as one of the most powerful and perceptive writers on the Holocaust and the Jewish experience during World War II. This is an essential book both for students and literary readers. Reading Primo Levi is a lesson in the resiliency of the human spirit.

170 pages, Paperback

First published January 1,1986

About the author

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Primo Michele Levi (Italian: [ˈpriːmo ˈlɛːvi]) was a chemist and writer, the author of books, novels, short stories, essays, and poems. His unique 1975 work, The Periodic Table, linked to qualities of the elements, was named by the Royal Institution of Great Britain as the best science book ever written.

Levi spent eleven months imprisoned at Monowitz, one of the three main camps in the Auschwitz concentration camp complex (record number: 174,517) before the camp was liberated by the Red Army on 18 January 1945. Of the 650 Italian Jews in his transport, Levi was one of only twenty who left the camps alive.

The Primo Levi Center, dedicated "to studying the history and culture of Italian Jewry," was named in his honor.

Community Reviews

Rating(4.1 / 5.0, 100 votes)
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100 reviews All reviews
April 17,2025
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Non è facile né gradevole scandagliare questo abisso di malvagità, eppure io penso che lo si debba fare, perché ciò che è stato possibile perpetrare ieri potrà essere nuovamente tentato domani, potrà coinvolgere noi stessi o i nostri figli. Si prova la tentazione di torcere il viso e distogliere la mente: è una tentazione a cui ci si deve opporre. Infatti, l'esistenza delle Squadre aveva un significato, conteneva un messaggio: <>.
April 17,2025
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Me quedo muda. No hay palabras mías que le hagan justicia a algo tan grande.
April 17,2025
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n  This desire for simplification is justified, but the same does not always apply to simplification itself, which is a working hypothesis, useful as long as it is recognized as such and not mistaken for reality.

Here, as with other phenomena, we are dealing with a paradoxical analogy between victim and oppressor, and we are anxious to be clear: both are in the same trap, but it is the oppressor, and [they] alone, who has prepared it and activated it, and if [they] suffer[] from this, it is right that [they] should suffer; and it is iniquitous that the victim should suffer from it, as [they do] indeed suffer from it, even at a distance of decades.

Every victim is to be mourned, and every survivor is to be helped and pitied, but not all their acts should be set forth as examples.
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I've wasted a lot of time over the years pandering to people who were around for the entertainment rather than the maturation. For too long, I stagnated in the idea that I not only had to say what I believed, but also had to convince every single one of my audience to feel the same way, not on subjects of favorite food or most disliked pop star but whether or not certain sectors of the population should be afforded the same human treatment as the artificial norm. I've gotten past that for the most part, and coming to this work when I did simply confirmed my suspicion of those who decry Tumblr as a hive mind while simultaneously depending on others to build a better future, for the words Primo Levi penned in 1986 and most assuredly cogitated in a far earlier period can confirm everything I've argued for and lost friends over and eventually alienated the silent masses with. The work's not perfect, as in addition to the usual ableist mumbo jumbo there's the mystical way in which generally worded arguments somehow pass over various nationalizities and socioeconomic systems as many a European-birthed morality bulwark does, but Levi is not a saint, and the skeleton he built will always need the flesh that has been brought forth between now and the time he put forth his incalculably valuable philosophy. It is telling, however, that the most popular quote of this work is when he speaks of being a nonbeliever. Out of context as it is, I don't think the majority of them liking it knows what it means.
n  [I]t was not a matter of thrift but a precise intent to humiliate.

Privilege, by definition, defends and protects privilege.

The ascent of the privileged, not only in the Lager but in all human coexistence, is an anguishing but unfailing phenomenon: only in utopias is it absent. It is the duty of [the] righteous [] to make war on all undeserved privilege, but one must not forget that this is a war without end.

The institution represented an attempt to shift onto others—specifically, the victims—the burden of guilt, so that they were deprived of even the solace of innocence.
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Similar to Black Reconstruction in America, the quotes derived, as well as text itself, is worth far more than anything I have to say about it. Similarly as well to how BR lays out history as a testament to the nativity that proclaims time equals progress, The Drowned and the Saved identifies the kernels of calamity lying in the bosom of complacent types who expect the likes of Antifa and co. to stem the bloody tides and carry them in a polite and apolitical fashion towards a new and more ethical future. If everyone practiced as exactly a self-reflexive gaze as Levi puts down in these pages, there would be no need to go to war after the genocide had already begun. However, little by little, drop by drop, the slaughter of mentally ill people and poor people and trans people and occupied people paves the way towards the normalization of speech that calls for such violence against populations which turns into books, which turns into platforms, which turn into political victories, which turn into reality. All it takes is an old ingrained prejudice, lax public integrity, a socioeconomic and/or political opportunity (usually a crisis), and a can do attitude when it comes to the propaganda and the jargon and the us vs them reasoning that uses the excuse of natural selection as a means to a future, and suddenly no one is safe and everyone is complicit. You can't tell me hardworking and morally upright adults will prevent this from happening, as it's hardworking adults who dehumanize on a small scale and, when this is pointed out, mewl and puke and sea lion their way out, refusing to believe another's pain is more important than their pride. You can't tell me someone who fails on such a small level as this will do any better on the larger and more genocidal ones. Levi doesn't render his foreshadowing completely intersectional, but his bias does not irredeemably compromise his truth.
n  One must benefit in order to feel beneficent, and feeling beneficent is gratifying even for a corrupt satrap.

It is naive, absurd, and historically false to believe that an infernal system such as National Socialism sanctifies its victims: on the contrary, it degrades them, it makes them resemble itself, and this all the more when they are available, blank, and lacking a political or moral armature.

I do not know, and it does not much interest me to know, whether in my depths there lurks a murderer, but I do know that I was a guiltless victim and I was not a murderer. I know that the murderers existed, not only in Germany, and still exist, retired or on active duty, and that to confuse them with their victims is a moral disease or an aesthetic affectation or a sinister sign of complicity; above all, it is precious service rendered (intentionally or not) to the negators of truth.
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This is my first favorite and five star of 2018, which is a fucking shame because this book is terrifying. People want the world to survive Trump as US president, but they want it as a either a slow abolishment of hate without them lifting a finger, or a WWIII where the villains are concretely villains and there's character development to be had by the good guys. The world is filled with children with gavels and guards and guns, and I'm not talking about the mentally disabled adults who will be the first to be shot down if Hitler's trajectory is to be studied as a model. In the words of Ursula Hegi, one will adapt and adapt and adapt by saying this is too controversial, this is too violent, this is too hasty, this is too presumptive, this is too soon, this is not enough, this is my president, this is my boss, this is my friend, until there is nothing left, as if all of this hadn't happened before. At this stage, it will happen again. It is, for all intents and purposes, gift wrapped.
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I frequently noticed in some of my companions (sometimes even in myself) a curious phenomenon: the ambition of a "job well done" is so deeply rooted as to compel one "to do well" even enemy jobs, harmful to your people and your side, so that a conscious effort is necessary to do them "badly."

[T]hey realized that testimony was an act of war against fascism.

Obtaining a passport and entry visa is much easier than it was then, so why aren't we going? Why aren't we leaving our country? Why aren't we fleeing "before"?
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April 17,2025
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Meraviglioso nella sua semplicità, dovrebbe essere una lettura obbligatoria per tutti e tutte.
April 17,2025
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Chissà quanta forza c’è voluta. Chissà quanta sofferenza è costata la stesura di questo saggio a Primo Levi. È un’analisi feroce, acuta, lucida, obiettiva. È un bisturi che lavora con precisione terrificante. Lavora sugli aguzzini e sulle vittime. Lavora sulla “zona grigia” composta di oppressi fatti oppressori, lavora su chi sapeva e ha taciuto, su chi vedeva e s’è finto cieco. Lavora sul senso di colpa del “salvato” cui pesa come macigno la domanda “perché io e non un altro?”. Un’indagine che scava nel profondo del genere umano capace di “costruire una mole infinita di dolore”. Lettura drammatica, spessa, potente. Non si trovano le parole per dare una dimensione allo scritto di Levi. Quei “salvati” sono “sommersi scampati”. Per onorare i sommersi, per dare un senso al dolore dei salvati è nostro dovere ricordare, tramandare le loro testimonianze. È nostro dovere per loro, per noi e per chi sarà dopo di noi. Non possiamo e non dobbiamo dimenticare. Perché la vittoria del male avverrà il giorno in cui ciò che è stato sarà dimenticato.
 
“È avvenuto, quindi può accadere di nuovo: questo è il nocciolo di quanto abbiamo da dire”.
April 17,2025
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n  n    "Nós sobreviventes somos uma minoria anómala além de exígua: somos os que, por prevaricação ou habilidade ou sorte, não tocaram o fundo. Quem o fez, quem viu a Górgona, não regressou para contar, ou regressou mudo; mas são eles, os que sucumbiram, as testemunhas integrais, aqueles cujo depoimento teria um significado geral. São eles a regra e nós a excepção."n  n

Os que sucumbem e os que se salvam é o livro de Primo Levi que encerra a n  Trilogia de Auschwitzn, iniciada com n  Se Isto é um Homemn e é também a derradeira obra do autor, publicada um ano antes da sua morte. Não se trata tanto de um livro de cariz autobiográfico, mas de um conjunto de oito pequenos ensaios, nos quais a vivência pós-libertação e a pesquisa realizada em diversas fontes (documentais, testemunhos de terceiros, correspondência diversa), complementam as memórias próprias.

Fruto de uma maturação ao longo de quarenta anos, nos quais o autor nunca parou de procurar respostas que lhe permitissem compreender o incompreensível e explicar o inexplicável, este livro reflecte a preocupação relativamente à dificuldade de transmissão da memória do Holocausto e da sua perpetuação na consciência colectiva das gerações posteriores. Esta preocupação resulta, por um lado, do esforço relativamente bem sucedido do regime nazi em suprimir todas as provas relacionadas com a história dos campos de concentração e de extermínio e, por outro lado, da dificuldade de se poder acreditar numa monstruosidade de contornos tão inacreditáveis e, sobretudo, que esta possa alguma vez repetir-se. Como refere o autor no capítulo de Conclusão: “Para nós falar com os jovens é cada vez mais difícil. Sentimo-lo como um dever, e ao mesmo tempo como um risco: o risco de parecermos anacrónicos, e de não sermos ouvidos.”

Entre os temas abordados nos oito ensaios destaco:
“A memória da ofensa”, onde o autor reflecte sobre as justificações criadas para os actos cometidos e o nível de consciência dos agressores (activos ou cúmplices passivos) relativamente aos mesmos: “… há de facto quem minta conscientemente falsificando a frio a própria realidade, mas são mais numerosos os que levantam ferro e se afastam, momentaneamente ou para sempre, das recordações genuínas e fabricam uma realidade mais cómoda“ . Reflecte também sobre a exactidão das memórias das vítimas sujeitas a experiências limite que, frequentemente condicionadas pelo trauma ou pela vergonha, filtram os episódios mais extremos, substituindo-os por aquilo a que o autor chama “verdades consolatórias”.

“A zona cinzenta” é o capítulo que mais nos remete para a primeira obra da trilogia. Analisa o nacional-socialismo enquanto ordem que “degrada as suas vítimas e torna-as parecidas consigo própria, porque precisa de cumplicidades tanto grandes como pequenas” e debruça-se sobre o sistema concentracionário e o modo como, através da sua hierarquia e funcionamento, alimenta o colaboracionismo moral dos prisioneiros com os agressores e visa o objectivo máximo de desumanização das vítimas.

No capítulo “A vergonha” somos confrontados com os motivos susceptíveis de conduzir a um tal sentimento perante um pecado cometido por outrem: a vergonha do aviltamento e da degradação a uma condição de infra-humanidade, isenta de padrões morais, ou simplesmente a vergonha de se ter sobrevivido no lugar de outros mais valorosos que “morreram não apesar do seu valor, mas devido ao seu valor”. A vergonha à qual são atribuídos inúmeros suicídios de vítimas imediatamente após a libertação.

Nos restantes capítulos outros tópicos são objecto de análise:
- as barreiras linguísticas sentidas por grande parte dos prisioneiros nos campos e que, frequentemente, se revelaram fatais (“ a comunicação gera a informação e sem informação não se vive” );
- a violência inútil que inflige o sofrimento, não como meio ou efeito colateral na persecução de um objectivo, mas enquanto objectivo em si, ou seja, a “simples violência pela violência orientada apenas para a criação de dor”;
- a tendência de o conhecimento, a consciência e o agnosticismo restringirem a adaptação e a sobrevivência no Lager: “A lógica e a moral impediam de aceitar uma realidade ilógica e imoral.: daí resultava uma rejeição da realidade que em regra conduzia rapidamente o homem ao culto do desespero”;
- a visão estereotipada da situação de cativeiro por parte daqueles cujo contacto com experiências extremas se resume à ficção, porque na vida real “não podem existir coisas de que não é moralmente lícita a existência”;
- o feed-back, por parte de leitores alemães relativamente à obra Se Isto é um Homem”.

Ao longo de todo o livro, a escrita mantém o tom lúcido e sereno patente desde o primeiro título da trilogia. Salientam-se, contudo, alguns apontamentos mais críticos, dirigidos não tanto aos mentores do sistema e aos seus executores mais directos, mas sobretudo à enorme franja de cúmplices passivos que, por ignorância, comodismo, espírito gregário ou carreirismo, se deixaram iludir, aliciar e fanatizar por “um histrião cuja figura hoje provoca o riso”. Uma crítica que é simultaneamente um alerta para todos nós.




April 17,2025
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An unrelentingly grim series of eight essays about the concentration camp experience, recommended only for true pessimists and those who think that Primo Levi is one of the very greatest writers about the Holocaust, which I do.

One thing Primo Levi does for us is complicate things. He explains :

Without profound simplification the world around us would be an infinite, undefined tangle that would defy our ability to orient ourselves and decide upon our actions. In short, we are compelled to reduce the knowable to a schema.

However, you don’t have to go far to discover that what has been presented to you in the official rhetoric as being straightforward is not so – the war isn’t winnable, the peace isn’t with honour, the enemy aren’t terrorists, they had no weapons of mass destruction, they don’t hate us because we love freedom. These are simplifying, comforting untruths.

In the first essay, “The Memory of the Offense”, he notes the optimistic self-generated rumours of the prisoners in the camps - the war will be over in two weeks, there will be no more selections, Polish partisans will liberate the camp soon – and sets them beside the similarly comforting lies of the surviving perpetrators – only following orders, we knew nothing about this, I was not a Nazi.

For Levi, the simple statement is usually self-deluding. This is true for the prisoners of the Nazis as well as the Nazis.

The network of human relationships inside the lagers (camps) was not simple – it could not be reduced to the two blocs of victims and perpetrators.


The privileged prisoners were a minority within the Lager population, but they represent a potent majority among the survivors


And the “privileged” prisoners were ones who managed, by one means or another, to get better food rations than the others. Ordinary prisoners got 800 calories a day and died of malnutrition and disease.

This is a shocking thing – most of the survivors, he is saying, were, in some way, compromised.

Levi reminds us again that one of the central lessons of the Third Reich is the seemingly infinite compromisability of human beings. You can get them to do almost anything, just ask a sonderkommando.
April 17,2025
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Жив съм и искам да ви разбера, за да ви съдя.”

Това е последната изповед на спасения преди да избере да потъне навеки и да се влее в редиците на безименните, от които не са останали дори и концлагерните им номера от “Аушвиц”.

Примо Леви прави последната си равносметка. Психотерапията на оцелелия и психоанализата на един химик се опитват да разберат: “Защо?”.

Защо изумително убийствено (в най-буквалния смисъл) ефективна и почти корпоративна организация като нацистките концлагери е видяла бял свят и просъществувала? Защо и палачи, и жертви, и околни наблюдатели са направили този чудовищен факт незаличимо възможен?

Примо Леви анализира. Противопоставя гледни точки, влизайки в главите и на жертви (каквато е той самият), и на палачи (които изучава отблизо с клинично професионално любопитство). Изобличава. Аргументира. Спори. Убеждава. Настоява. Търси. Отсява. Без нито за миг да забравя, че е човек, каквито са били и пазачите в лагера. Но за разлика от тях никога не дава съгласието и достойнството си.

”Случило се е, значи пак може да се случи.”

Един от последните оцелели очевидци на холокоста (в чието съществуване мнозина искрено се съмняват!) отправя последното си предупреждение към хората, преди силите му да се изчерпят. Прави последно усилие за дисекция на паметта си, без сляпо да се уповава на нея.

Примо Леви е химик. Аналитичният подход му иде отръки. Не е драматичен. Сякаш логиката зад привидно семплата таблица на Менделеев е заложена в матрицата на ума му. Примо Леви е и човек. От първо лице. Често лутащ се, питащ се, съмняващ се, съпричастен или не дотам. Винаги опитващ се да разбере и обясни уж необяснимото. И да ни предупреди - както може. За да не позволяваме да се случва повече.

П. П. Разкошен превод на Нева Минчева!

***

⛓ “...двамата (жертвата и насилникът) са в един и същи капан, но именно насилникът, и само той, го е заложил и захлопнал, а ако е пострадал от него, то така му се полага, и е несправедливо жертвата да страда...”

⛓ “Разумът, изкуството и поезията не помагат да се разгадае мястото, от което са прокудени.”

⛓ “Целите в живота са най-добрата защита срещу смъртта - и не само в концлагера.”
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