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Late life tolstoy is a bit of a contradiction. He, one of the greatest novelists of all time, disparaged and distanced himself from his older work. In What Is Art, he bemoans the Artistic Industrial Complex, and how much effort and labor it takes up, when he believes that it could be better used. I would side with Roger Scruton and Jordan Peterson that art is something (especially in terms of architecture) which far outlives its investment (of time, money, or personnel).
He was wondering who this art was even for, since it's too incomprehensible for the common man but too lowbrow for the sophisticated. He wondered if it was worth all the labor and anger when art was so divided at the time and possibly wasn't even useful. This observation is one which utterly ripened over time and only became more relevant as postmodernism succeeded modernism. When Tolstoy was writing against obscurantism in his day, it was because it was aristocratic/classical and thus unintelligible (because in latin, or because so far removed from its original context; kinda a postmodern critique), whereas one can complain of postmodern art as being intentionally obscurantist or kitsch to such a gaudy and disgusting extreme that it offends all decent people who haven’t been utterly desensitized (which seems to be the end goal of postmodern art). Perhaps what tolstoy saw was the logical conclusion of every experimental school of his age: realism concluding in Kenneth Goldsmith's "Fidget" or "Soliloquy", artificiality ending up in our online media, the sentimentality and laziness which would become emotional movies, aristocratic exclusivity which would become the art establishment/academy, and derivative works which would become the now infamous Recursive Reaction.
In decrying art that is unintelligible, he instead favored accessible, simple, un-artificed art of the masses and which expressed “true feeling”, or a sort of brotherly unity exemplified in Christianity. Tolstoy truly underwent a total worldview change later in his life (as detailed in My Confession, which I want to read), where he turned from the vapid, popular, secular, modernist life he used to lead to a simpler, premodern, universalist, pacifistic worldview. Specifically in his aesthetics he had premodernist sensibilities in terms of content (religious, proletarian) and modernist in terms of effect (newness of feeling, originality to a degree).
He blasted the modernist cliché of "interesting art" (stuff which just includes new information or riddles) as not true art, since he sees true art as communicating feelings, preferably new feelings to viewers. This is the only recognizable vestige of the modern in his late life, since premodernism never cared about originality of any kind. This is in tension with tolstoy’s demand for originality, because he complains of such derivative work as Goethe’s Faust and Shakespeare’s oeuvre being some level "poetic" (borrowing)... so he has an odd requirement for originality, but he derides almost all directions of originality experienced in his era (the early modern artistic era).
His focus on art for the masses which is accessible puts the lid on the pathology of originality which is so clearly exemplified in postmodern art. His main complaint about non-accessible/specialist art is that it is exclusivist. As nietzschians would put it, art is only for the aristocrats and those who "get it", here Tolstoy is a proletarian and universalist; one could accuse him thus of lowering expectations/using the lowest common denominator as the measuring stick of art (that’s the standard cliché response when one errs toward accessibility). Tolstoy later in the essay made a convincing argument that Nietzsche's and Ragnar Redbeard's "might is right" ideology as a direct result of placing beauty above goodness, artistry above morality.
This movement from a premodern religious sense in art to a modernist focus on beauty (specifically classical ideals) was the first point Tolstoy tackled. He used a clever approach to starting the book by listing out dozens of definitions of beauty, both to show off his knowledge on the topic and also to show you how contradictory and ultimately subjective all these supposed conceptions of beauty are. He comes to the conclusion that there are two main categories/definitions of beauty: metaphysical (grounded in God or ideals) and disinterested pleasure.
He then points out that conceptions and definitions of art are usually post hoc justifications for the canon, or they bend unnecessarily to continue containing the canon. He goes on to argue that the way we define art and beauty is precisely where we go wrong, because it necessitates that exponential growth (which we've experienced today and has utterly devalued any definition of art, and thus art as well). He ironically dismisses definitions of beauty which "include more than art" (due to a peculiarity in the Russian language where good and beautiful are not synonyms). The irony about his dismissal is that it occurs in a mirror image to those same aestheticians who modify the definition of beauty to include the changing conceptions of art.
Tolstoy's idiosyncratic universalist religious ideas heavily influence his late life aesthetic sense, specifically in his universalist conception of "being good = following your religion" and "good art traditionally as religious art". He at times makes religion out to be a universal thing with universally shared assumptions and goals (which it’s not, ask all traditional Islam or caste-ridden Hinduism about equality and brotherly love; those are in-group love, whereas Christianity is unique in being so out-group that you even love your enemies).
Tolstoy traces the lack of art in early Christianity to the “hollow” art of “church Christianity” and the faking of belief in the upper classes by the time of the reformation and enlightenment (which meant they started looking back at the pagans for inspiration and ideas of beauty being important in art, i.e. what gives pleasure, sensual paganism, etc.). Here he made the mistake of thinking the net amount of religiosity decreases (there is no irreligious person; I mean that not in the naive "even atheists deep down believe" but in the vein of "religion doesn’t need a spiritual or transcendent facet; it helps but is not required, and lacking such can actually be appealing to certain personalities/dispositions").
As a result of these shifting values, Tolstoy blames the rising specialization of art (its aristocratic support thru high pay, art criticism, and art schools) as the reason for its downfall. Today, however, we have two arts: 1) the common, lowest common denominator, often kitschy, “Radio friendly unit shifter” , and 2) the elitist, specialized, art school, expensive collectors, technical, pretentious art. I guess one might argue that this arising pretentious art in his day ruined the natural tastes of the common man so that we have now sunk down to the level of the radio single (but perhaps that's actually what he liked hearing most, the simple "folk song" which appeals to everyone).
In favoring the accessible, there is an airtight argument one can easily make in favor of it, specifically that if you must explain the meaning of a work of art, it has failed: "The artist, if a real artist, has by his work transmitted to others the feeling he experienced. What is there, then, to explain?" Because of the above, Tolstoy could be seen as a premodern Anti-critic (and by extension anti-canonist, since critics decide the canon; the postmodern politically correct new guard usually doesn’t really critique the idea of a canon, but instead either equalize the value of all art and make the canon irrelevant, or they seek to “diversify” the canon, whatever that means and whyever that’s a good idea).
Tolstoy complains about imitations of imitations without subdividing imitations into mere influence (same style OR content) vs recursive reaction (style AND content). He says schools can't teach art because art is expressing feelings, not technical ability and the copying the masters (but never answers how one is supposed to learn if not through imitation...). I understand and appreciate his rage against the pretentious of art, but some of his argumentation, despite the 15 year span in which he wrote this, is lacking.
Despite its shortcomings, his book does create a coherent view of aesthetics largely devoid of technical terminology. In creating this new subjective conception of art, he narrows the canon to what could fit inside of a literal cannon, instead of what could only fit in a massive library. He gives examples of art that fits his narrow criteria, of which only two of his own works make the cut. He puts deep lacerations in the art of his time by arguing that Modern works of art and writing make up for their lack of universal appeal and lack of transmittable feeling by piling on details (definitely very true and very worth noting; stories used to be grand, and only include details when absolutely necessary [joseph weeping when his brothers came back], but now some are merely details, like the Goldsmith “poetry”).
To correct this crisis of art, he will go to crazy lengths (at least crazy by pacifistic standards). He agrees with plato and the iconoclastic Mohammedans that it may be better to have no art than subversive/immoral art. He hates church art, patriotic art, and seductive art, as he believes it draws people away from universal brotherly love (thus is exclusive or selfish). He claims that science works with art to uphold the status quo and privilege, and that its largely assumed by people to not challenge that (making him out to almost be a marxist). He says that artists must not live in complete material/financial comfort, that they most work for their subsistence and occasionally create when the mood strikes (a uniquely apostolic view [Acts 18:2-3]). His ultimate biblical allusion however comes when he says: “Until the dealers are driven out, the temple of art will not be a temple”, which I couldn’t help but laugh both at and with.
I think Tolstoy is deeply right when he says: “All the oldest, commonest, and most hackneyed phenomena of life evoke the newest, most unexpected, and touching emotions as soon as a man regards them from the Christian point of view” and when he prophetically asserts that scientific inquiry is harmful without first studying the questions of religion, morality and social life (thus predicting the scientism and genocide of the modern era). I find it unrealistic however to some extent when he sees art as the means to the end of pacifistic Christian utopia (since art informs and evokes people's responses so well). Part of me very much wishes he would be right about that, but Christianity does not and Christians will not take art seriously enough to wrest it from the problems, both moral and aesthetic, which Tolstoy here calls out.
He was wondering who this art was even for, since it's too incomprehensible for the common man but too lowbrow for the sophisticated. He wondered if it was worth all the labor and anger when art was so divided at the time and possibly wasn't even useful. This observation is one which utterly ripened over time and only became more relevant as postmodernism succeeded modernism. When Tolstoy was writing against obscurantism in his day, it was because it was aristocratic/classical and thus unintelligible (because in latin, or because so far removed from its original context; kinda a postmodern critique), whereas one can complain of postmodern art as being intentionally obscurantist or kitsch to such a gaudy and disgusting extreme that it offends all decent people who haven’t been utterly desensitized (which seems to be the end goal of postmodern art). Perhaps what tolstoy saw was the logical conclusion of every experimental school of his age: realism concluding in Kenneth Goldsmith's "Fidget" or "Soliloquy", artificiality ending up in our online media, the sentimentality and laziness which would become emotional movies, aristocratic exclusivity which would become the art establishment/academy, and derivative works which would become the now infamous Recursive Reaction.
In decrying art that is unintelligible, he instead favored accessible, simple, un-artificed art of the masses and which expressed “true feeling”, or a sort of brotherly unity exemplified in Christianity. Tolstoy truly underwent a total worldview change later in his life (as detailed in My Confession, which I want to read), where he turned from the vapid, popular, secular, modernist life he used to lead to a simpler, premodern, universalist, pacifistic worldview. Specifically in his aesthetics he had premodernist sensibilities in terms of content (religious, proletarian) and modernist in terms of effect (newness of feeling, originality to a degree).
He blasted the modernist cliché of "interesting art" (stuff which just includes new information or riddles) as not true art, since he sees true art as communicating feelings, preferably new feelings to viewers. This is the only recognizable vestige of the modern in his late life, since premodernism never cared about originality of any kind. This is in tension with tolstoy’s demand for originality, because he complains of such derivative work as Goethe’s Faust and Shakespeare’s oeuvre being some level "poetic" (borrowing)... so he has an odd requirement for originality, but he derides almost all directions of originality experienced in his era (the early modern artistic era).
His focus on art for the masses which is accessible puts the lid on the pathology of originality which is so clearly exemplified in postmodern art. His main complaint about non-accessible/specialist art is that it is exclusivist. As nietzschians would put it, art is only for the aristocrats and those who "get it", here Tolstoy is a proletarian and universalist; one could accuse him thus of lowering expectations/using the lowest common denominator as the measuring stick of art (that’s the standard cliché response when one errs toward accessibility). Tolstoy later in the essay made a convincing argument that Nietzsche's and Ragnar Redbeard's "might is right" ideology as a direct result of placing beauty above goodness, artistry above morality.
This movement from a premodern religious sense in art to a modernist focus on beauty (specifically classical ideals) was the first point Tolstoy tackled. He used a clever approach to starting the book by listing out dozens of definitions of beauty, both to show off his knowledge on the topic and also to show you how contradictory and ultimately subjective all these supposed conceptions of beauty are. He comes to the conclusion that there are two main categories/definitions of beauty: metaphysical (grounded in God or ideals) and disinterested pleasure.
He then points out that conceptions and definitions of art are usually post hoc justifications for the canon, or they bend unnecessarily to continue containing the canon. He goes on to argue that the way we define art and beauty is precisely where we go wrong, because it necessitates that exponential growth (which we've experienced today and has utterly devalued any definition of art, and thus art as well). He ironically dismisses definitions of beauty which "include more than art" (due to a peculiarity in the Russian language where good and beautiful are not synonyms). The irony about his dismissal is that it occurs in a mirror image to those same aestheticians who modify the definition of beauty to include the changing conceptions of art.
Tolstoy's idiosyncratic universalist religious ideas heavily influence his late life aesthetic sense, specifically in his universalist conception of "being good = following your religion" and "good art traditionally as religious art". He at times makes religion out to be a universal thing with universally shared assumptions and goals (which it’s not, ask all traditional Islam or caste-ridden Hinduism about equality and brotherly love; those are in-group love, whereas Christianity is unique in being so out-group that you even love your enemies).
Tolstoy traces the lack of art in early Christianity to the “hollow” art of “church Christianity” and the faking of belief in the upper classes by the time of the reformation and enlightenment (which meant they started looking back at the pagans for inspiration and ideas of beauty being important in art, i.e. what gives pleasure, sensual paganism, etc.). Here he made the mistake of thinking the net amount of religiosity decreases (there is no irreligious person; I mean that not in the naive "even atheists deep down believe" but in the vein of "religion doesn’t need a spiritual or transcendent facet; it helps but is not required, and lacking such can actually be appealing to certain personalities/dispositions").
As a result of these shifting values, Tolstoy blames the rising specialization of art (its aristocratic support thru high pay, art criticism, and art schools) as the reason for its downfall. Today, however, we have two arts: 1) the common, lowest common denominator, often kitschy, “Radio friendly unit shifter” , and 2) the elitist, specialized, art school, expensive collectors, technical, pretentious art. I guess one might argue that this arising pretentious art in his day ruined the natural tastes of the common man so that we have now sunk down to the level of the radio single (but perhaps that's actually what he liked hearing most, the simple "folk song" which appeals to everyone).
In favoring the accessible, there is an airtight argument one can easily make in favor of it, specifically that if you must explain the meaning of a work of art, it has failed: "The artist, if a real artist, has by his work transmitted to others the feeling he experienced. What is there, then, to explain?" Because of the above, Tolstoy could be seen as a premodern Anti-critic (and by extension anti-canonist, since critics decide the canon; the postmodern politically correct new guard usually doesn’t really critique the idea of a canon, but instead either equalize the value of all art and make the canon irrelevant, or they seek to “diversify” the canon, whatever that means and whyever that’s a good idea).
Tolstoy complains about imitations of imitations without subdividing imitations into mere influence (same style OR content) vs recursive reaction (style AND content). He says schools can't teach art because art is expressing feelings, not technical ability and the copying the masters (but never answers how one is supposed to learn if not through imitation...). I understand and appreciate his rage against the pretentious of art, but some of his argumentation, despite the 15 year span in which he wrote this, is lacking.
Despite its shortcomings, his book does create a coherent view of aesthetics largely devoid of technical terminology. In creating this new subjective conception of art, he narrows the canon to what could fit inside of a literal cannon, instead of what could only fit in a massive library. He gives examples of art that fits his narrow criteria, of which only two of his own works make the cut. He puts deep lacerations in the art of his time by arguing that Modern works of art and writing make up for their lack of universal appeal and lack of transmittable feeling by piling on details (definitely very true and very worth noting; stories used to be grand, and only include details when absolutely necessary [joseph weeping when his brothers came back], but now some are merely details, like the Goldsmith “poetry”).
To correct this crisis of art, he will go to crazy lengths (at least crazy by pacifistic standards). He agrees with plato and the iconoclastic Mohammedans that it may be better to have no art than subversive/immoral art. He hates church art, patriotic art, and seductive art, as he believes it draws people away from universal brotherly love (thus is exclusive or selfish). He claims that science works with art to uphold the status quo and privilege, and that its largely assumed by people to not challenge that (making him out to almost be a marxist). He says that artists must not live in complete material/financial comfort, that they most work for their subsistence and occasionally create when the mood strikes (a uniquely apostolic view [Acts 18:2-3]). His ultimate biblical allusion however comes when he says: “Until the dealers are driven out, the temple of art will not be a temple”, which I couldn’t help but laugh both at and with.
I think Tolstoy is deeply right when he says: “All the oldest, commonest, and most hackneyed phenomena of life evoke the newest, most unexpected, and touching emotions as soon as a man regards them from the Christian point of view” and when he prophetically asserts that scientific inquiry is harmful without first studying the questions of religion, morality and social life (thus predicting the scientism and genocide of the modern era). I find it unrealistic however to some extent when he sees art as the means to the end of pacifistic Christian utopia (since art informs and evokes people's responses so well). Part of me very much wishes he would be right about that, but Christianity does not and Christians will not take art seriously enough to wrest it from the problems, both moral and aesthetic, which Tolstoy here calls out.