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"Sophists ressemble philosophers as wolves ressemble dogs." And so we must be careful not to lose our ways when dealing with them.
The Sophist asks a rather bold and fundamental question: nothing less than "What exists? What is reality?" And in the journey, Plato destroys his own system of logic, that of Parmenides (an early pre-Socratic philosopher), and leaves us with a surprisingly nuanced take on the nature of reality. The usual subtitle of this dialogue is "On Being".
The dialogue starts with an attempt at identifying the main rivals, the eternal enemies of Plato and all philosophers. The Sophists. But what are they, exactly? The (painful) discussion proves to be unsuccesful. Are they 'hunters of men', finding young spirits to seduce? Are they traders, seller, or producers of knoweldge? Or - more disturbingly - are they "purifiers of the soul", seeking, by contradiction and debate, to purify the minds of their listeners? That last defintion fills the entire Socratic circle with horror, as it would make them dangerously close to true philosophers and "free men".
The easy contradiction would be to state that the philosophers are talking about something meaningful, whereas sophists do not. However, pure formal Platonic logic is unable to deliver this contradiction, as the sophists use formal speech, and that speech cannot be said to be "about nothing" - since in accordance to Parmenides philosophy, which has inspried most of Plato's work until then, "nothing does not exist" - there is only the supremacy of 'Being'. "Non-Being" cannot be described, expressed, or be source of knoweldge. A pure application of Parmenides' philosophy vindicates the sophists and kills all of philosophy (!).
Plato's dialogues have always some subtle framing that goes beyond the nature of the text. In this text, in a rather unique way, the main orator of the dialogue is not Socrates, but a foreigner - from Parmenides' own country - dialoguing with a young disciple of the Academy. Socrates the Old is relegated to a silent listener, and tellingly, a young Socrates is also avidely listening to the trial of Parmenides' theses. This dialogue is one of the latest written (allegedly) by Plato, and it marks a significant shift in his philosophy, forcing a reframing of his ideas (which were considered 'finished' with The Republic but were found to be lacking and unable to answer questions about Science in previous dialogues).
Parmenides' thought (or at least, what was considered Parmenides' philosophy at the time) must die, prompting the Stranger to decry that he commits a crime of parricide. Plato is forced to admit the existence of "non-being", which are simply the negation & difference of being. The notion of 'Otherness' is the negation of 'Sameness', 'Motion' is the negation of 'Stillness', or more prosaically, 'Non-tallness' is the negation of 'Tallness'. The existence of Motion must implies the existence of Stillness. These two motions cannot exist simulatanously in the same body or object; yet the existence of Stillness is incomplete and non-sensical without the existence of Motion.
Now the road here is rather long, laborious, and a bit boring, sometimes making you wonder what all the Greeks are ranting about. Isn't it evident? In some way, yes - however, what makes the reflection interesting it how it gets vowen into Platonic philosophy. Since non-X is the negation and difference of X, it has an existence, in relation to X. This implies that images - imiations of things - have a real existence, in relation to the real thing, and those imitations can be faithful, or not, without their existence being an object of debate.
This is a rather colossal amendement to Plato's intial theory of Forms. This states that Forms cannot exist on their own, but rather in relation to other Forms, and that this relation between Forms is the object of study of the philosopher. Things therefore exist as powers, powers to create relationships with other things. In turn, this implies that the job of the philosopher is to seek the relationships between such things, as well as precisely identifying those Forms. This forces Plato to moderate and qualify his earlier theory of Forms, since Forms now can be represented as images, and can be part of the sensible world.
Plato's final theory as outlined here seems to be both a rejection of "monism", the ideal of a Singular Absolute Being, since "being" is only defined in relation to other beings. This comes after a very laborious discussion seeking to prove that a concept cannot be seperated from its component entity - a Man cannot be seperated from his Soul, his Body, his height, etc - but by the same token, the whole is more than the sum of all the parts, since it is also defined by the relationships between said part. Plato therefore also rejects strict "dualism", allowing a more complex relationship between Images & the ideal Forms they represent. This represents a rebuttal and an evolution over his previous theory as well as a direct criticism of Parmenides' school of thought. This would also pave the way for more modern philosophers, such as Hegel or Kant in their quest for a meaning of "Universal".
We should not forget to mention that by "tedious", I really mean to say that this book is incredibly difficult to read, even by Socratic dialogue standards. Most of Plato's dialogues alternates between theses - in the form of long speeches - and debates, in which a person with an opposing point of view is slowly brought to Reason by Socrates talking to them [to death]. No such thing happens here: this is 200 pages of Theethus agreeing to a very long demonstration, never providing any form of input on his own, only serving as an echo and sounding box to the thesis, sometimes even slowing it down. Plato can write things with drama and eloquence (The Symposium comes to mind). But he clearly does not feel creative in this particular dialogue.
In the end, it is by this innovation (and a lot of "VERY TRUE, STRANGER!" lines) that philosophy is finally saved: the Sophist is found out, identified, ensnared, and defeated. True, we must concede, his "speech" of images, comparisons, and illusion exists in its own right; however, the relationship between the images which make up his speech and the Forms they seek to represent is false, or rather, rooted in less truth than that of the philosopher. In order to defend Truth, Plato must admit the existence of Falsehood, including of False Speech and False Ideas.
This is, in some way, a defeat of the Platonic Ideal which supposed that only 'Truth' existed. As it turns out, this seducing idea rested on shaky grounds, as it could enable an absolute relativism of every opinion as Truth. The Sophist can now be identified as the man who produces a False Speech about False Ideas. Nevertheless, after all that work, Plato cannot help but crawl back into idealism, as the dialogue seems to imply (at least, from my intepretation of it) this is more out of intellectual laziness and incuriosity than out of malice and a real desire to decieve. "If only the Sophists would apply more rigour and logic, they would see the error in their ways!" Plato tells us. You can take a man out of Idealism, but you cannot take Idealism out of a man.
The Sophist asks a rather bold and fundamental question: nothing less than "What exists? What is reality?" And in the journey, Plato destroys his own system of logic, that of Parmenides (an early pre-Socratic philosopher), and leaves us with a surprisingly nuanced take on the nature of reality. The usual subtitle of this dialogue is "On Being".
The dialogue starts with an attempt at identifying the main rivals, the eternal enemies of Plato and all philosophers. The Sophists. But what are they, exactly? The (painful) discussion proves to be unsuccesful. Are they 'hunters of men', finding young spirits to seduce? Are they traders, seller, or producers of knoweldge? Or - more disturbingly - are they "purifiers of the soul", seeking, by contradiction and debate, to purify the minds of their listeners? That last defintion fills the entire Socratic circle with horror, as it would make them dangerously close to true philosophers and "free men".
The easy contradiction would be to state that the philosophers are talking about something meaningful, whereas sophists do not. However, pure formal Platonic logic is unable to deliver this contradiction, as the sophists use formal speech, and that speech cannot be said to be "about nothing" - since in accordance to Parmenides philosophy, which has inspried most of Plato's work until then, "nothing does not exist" - there is only the supremacy of 'Being'. "Non-Being" cannot be described, expressed, or be source of knoweldge. A pure application of Parmenides' philosophy vindicates the sophists and kills all of philosophy (!).
Plato's dialogues have always some subtle framing that goes beyond the nature of the text. In this text, in a rather unique way, the main orator of the dialogue is not Socrates, but a foreigner - from Parmenides' own country - dialoguing with a young disciple of the Academy. Socrates the Old is relegated to a silent listener, and tellingly, a young Socrates is also avidely listening to the trial of Parmenides' theses. This dialogue is one of the latest written (allegedly) by Plato, and it marks a significant shift in his philosophy, forcing a reframing of his ideas (which were considered 'finished' with The Republic but were found to be lacking and unable to answer questions about Science in previous dialogues).
Parmenides' thought (or at least, what was considered Parmenides' philosophy at the time) must die, prompting the Stranger to decry that he commits a crime of parricide. Plato is forced to admit the existence of "non-being", which are simply the negation & difference of being. The notion of 'Otherness' is the negation of 'Sameness', 'Motion' is the negation of 'Stillness', or more prosaically, 'Non-tallness' is the negation of 'Tallness'. The existence of Motion must implies the existence of Stillness. These two motions cannot exist simulatanously in the same body or object; yet the existence of Stillness is incomplete and non-sensical without the existence of Motion.
Now the road here is rather long, laborious, and a bit boring, sometimes making you wonder what all the Greeks are ranting about. Isn't it evident? In some way, yes - however, what makes the reflection interesting it how it gets vowen into Platonic philosophy. Since non-X is the negation and difference of X, it has an existence, in relation to X. This implies that images - imiations of things - have a real existence, in relation to the real thing, and those imitations can be faithful, or not, without their existence being an object of debate.
This is a rather colossal amendement to Plato's intial theory of Forms. This states that Forms cannot exist on their own, but rather in relation to other Forms, and that this relation between Forms is the object of study of the philosopher. Things therefore exist as powers, powers to create relationships with other things. In turn, this implies that the job of the philosopher is to seek the relationships between such things, as well as precisely identifying those Forms. This forces Plato to moderate and qualify his earlier theory of Forms, since Forms now can be represented as images, and can be part of the sensible world.
Plato's final theory as outlined here seems to be both a rejection of "monism", the ideal of a Singular Absolute Being, since "being" is only defined in relation to other beings. This comes after a very laborious discussion seeking to prove that a concept cannot be seperated from its component entity - a Man cannot be seperated from his Soul, his Body, his height, etc - but by the same token, the whole is more than the sum of all the parts, since it is also defined by the relationships between said part. Plato therefore also rejects strict "dualism", allowing a more complex relationship between Images & the ideal Forms they represent. This represents a rebuttal and an evolution over his previous theory as well as a direct criticism of Parmenides' school of thought. This would also pave the way for more modern philosophers, such as Hegel or Kant in their quest for a meaning of "Universal".
We should not forget to mention that by "tedious", I really mean to say that this book is incredibly difficult to read, even by Socratic dialogue standards. Most of Plato's dialogues alternates between theses - in the form of long speeches - and debates, in which a person with an opposing point of view is slowly brought to Reason by Socrates talking to them [to death]. No such thing happens here: this is 200 pages of Theethus agreeing to a very long demonstration, never providing any form of input on his own, only serving as an echo and sounding box to the thesis, sometimes even slowing it down. Plato can write things with drama and eloquence (The Symposium comes to mind). But he clearly does not feel creative in this particular dialogue.
In the end, it is by this innovation (and a lot of "VERY TRUE, STRANGER!" lines) that philosophy is finally saved: the Sophist is found out, identified, ensnared, and defeated. True, we must concede, his "speech" of images, comparisons, and illusion exists in its own right; however, the relationship between the images which make up his speech and the Forms they seek to represent is false, or rather, rooted in less truth than that of the philosopher. In order to defend Truth, Plato must admit the existence of Falsehood, including of False Speech and False Ideas.
This is, in some way, a defeat of the Platonic Ideal which supposed that only 'Truth' existed. As it turns out, this seducing idea rested on shaky grounds, as it could enable an absolute relativism of every opinion as Truth. The Sophist can now be identified as the man who produces a False Speech about False Ideas. Nevertheless, after all that work, Plato cannot help but crawl back into idealism, as the dialogue seems to imply (at least, from my intepretation of it) this is more out of intellectual laziness and incuriosity than out of malice and a real desire to decieve. "If only the Sophists would apply more rigour and logic, they would see the error in their ways!" Plato tells us. You can take a man out of Idealism, but you cannot take Idealism out of a man.