Notes from Underground

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Written in 1864, this novel is the first and strangest of Dostoevsky's masterpieces--and the source of those that followed. Violating literary conventions in ways never before attempted, this classic tells of a mid-19th-century Russian official's breakaway from society and descent "underground".

130 pages, Paperback

First published January 1,1864

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About the author

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Фёдор Михайлович Достоевский (Russian)

Works, such as the novels Crime and Punishment (1866), The Idiot (1869), and The Brothers Karamazov (1880), of Russian writer Feodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky or Dostoevski combine religious mysticism with profound psychological insight.

Very influential writings of Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin included Problems of Dostoyevsky's Works (1929),

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky composed short stories, essays, and journals. His literature explores humans in the troubled political, social, and spiritual atmospheres of 19th-century and engages with a variety of philosophies and themes. People most acclaimed his Demons(1872) .

Many literary critics rate him of the greatest of world literature and consider multiple highly influential masterpieces. They consider his Notes from Underground of the first existentialist literature. He also well acts as a philosopher and theologian.

(Russian: Фёдор Михайлович Достоевский) (see also Fiodor Dostoïevski)

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April 17,2025
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7th book of 2022

"I am a sick man... I am a spiteful man. I am an unattractive man. I believe my liver is diseased..." Fyodor Dostoevsky Notes from Underground

Right from the opening lines, Dostoevsky gives us the reader a beautiful introduction to the masterpiece that is his cynical, existential novel. Notes from Underground, first published in Russian in 1864 is widely considered to be one of the first "existential" novels, where in our unnamed narrator, (a forty-year-old former government social worker) grapples with the meaninglessness of the lives of those whom he is forced to share his environment with. Believing himself above his fellow man, the narrator takes us along for what could be describes as a 119 page rant about society, consciousness, the rules of nature, life, death, and a plethora of other subjects that often plague the mortal mind.

I read this over the course of two days, and left it feeling somewhat heavy. While there are bits of humor, the overall tone of this novel is one of general annoyance, and depression. The narrator is incredibly self assured, and for the majority of the novel we are privy to see the events unfold through the filter the narrator has set in place for us, in which he has placed himself above his contemporaries, both morally, and consciously.

This is a thought provoking novel, and one that I found remarkably accessible. I highly recommend it. Five stars.
April 17,2025
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(1864)

«Sissignore, ma proprio qui per me sta il busillis! Signori, scusatemi se mi sono messo a filosofeggiare; qui ci sono quarant’anni di sottosuolo! »

Destino avverso e creatività

La prima parte di “Memorie dal sottosuolo” è pubblicata su una rivista nel 1864.
Il 1864 fu un anno terribile per Dostoevskij: prima muore la moglie, poi il fratello ed infine un caro amico. La pressione a cui continuamente sottoposto e che lo costringe nonostante tutto a scrivere è una caratteristica di tutta la sua produzione all’indomani de “Le notti bianche”.
La Siberia, il plotone di esecuzione, l’epilessia, la miseria, i lutti e il vizio del gioco: tutti tragici scenari in cui hanno visto la luce le pagine più intense della Letteratura universale.

Un'opera che definisce

Le Memorie sono un viaggio tormentato nella propria interiorità.
Un monologo che si suddivide in due parti:
la prima- intitolata, per l’appunto “Il sottosuolo” - è, se vogliamo, l’esposizione dell’idea che sottostà mentre la seconda – “A proposito della neve fradicia” - racconta tre episodi che sono l’origine e la causa di tutto.

Il sottosuolo, da qui in poi, sarà il luogo eletto dai personaggi di Dostoevskij. Qui nasce un personaggio che è paradigma: l’uomo che non riesce a vivere in superficie



Il sottosuolo

” Sono un uomo malato... Sono un uomo cattivo. Un uomo sgradevole. Credo di avere mal di fegato. Del resto, non capisco un accidente del mio male e probabilmente non so di cosa soffro. Non mi curo e non mi sono mai curato, anche se rispetto la medicina e i dottori.”

Così si presenta la voce narrante del monologo/confessione.
La malattia di cui si parla è legata alla propria coscienza (” Vi giuro, signori, che essere troppo coscienti è una malattia”) che è addirittura talmente smisurata da essere definita «ipertrofica».
Ma coscienza di cosa?
Si tratta della crescente consapevolezza dell’essere disprezzati, dell’aver toccato il fondo.
Chi ha una coscienza ipertrofica si trova riflettere eccessivamente sulla propria interiorità e non solo quel che trova non è piacevole ma ne consegue anche uno stato d’inerzia (”un cosciente star con le mani in mano”) che risulta essere utile:

” In definitiva, signori: meglio non far nulla! Meglio una consapevole inerzia! E così, evviva il sottosuolo! Anche se ho detto che invidio l’uomo normale fino a un rancore bilioso, non vorrei esser nei suoi panni, date le condizioni in cui lo vedo (anche se non smetterò comunque di invidiarlo). No, no, il sottosuolo è in ogni caso più vantaggioso!”

Il sottosuolo non è dunque spazio fisico ma mentale.

E’ la riflessione; la presa di coscienza ma anche luogo astratto in cui si alimentano i rancori delle offese (” ’offesa è infatti una purificazione; è la più bruciante e dolorosa presa di coscienza!”) e in cui si immaginano vendette verso chi ci ha oltraggiato.

La vendetta per un uomo d’azione è quella che cerca giustizia per l’uomo del sottosuolo è invece guidata semplicemente dalla cattiveria senza altri scopi risolutori perché non c’è scampo e non spazio per nessuna pacificazione.
L’uomo non segue la razionalità ma semplice un’istintiva volontà:


” Vedete, signori: la ragione è una buona cosa, questo è indubbio, ma la ragione è solo ragione e soddisfa soltanto la facoltà raziocinante dell’uomo, mentre la volontà è manifestazione di tutta la vita, cioè di tutta la vita umana, sia con la ragione che con tutti i pruriti. E benché in questa manifestazione la nostra vita si riduca spesso a una porcheriola, tuttavia è vita, e non soltanto l’estrazione di una radice quadrata.”

A proposito della neve fradicia

Dopo aver esposto il suo modo di vedere sentire il mondo, l’uomo del sottosuolo, racconta qualcosa che gli è accaduta e che è all’origine di tutto.
Si tratta di tre episodi che sono motivo di risentimento e ribellione.
Nel primo il protagonista entra in una taverna dove è in corso una rissa. Un ufficiale lo prende per le spalle e lo sposta con aria di completa indifferenza. L’offesa (leitmotiv)inizia ad assillarlo. E’ un ossessione che cova per mesi e che non trova soluzione se non quella di sedimentare dentro sé sempre più rancore.
Il secondo episodio capita quando si reca a trovare un vecchio compagno di scuola, Simonov, che sta organizzando per il giorno dopo un pranzo d’addio per un altro ex compagno in procinto di partire. Il clima tra loro è teso fin da subito e l’uomo del sottosuolo mentre è continuamente disprezzato non fa nulla per farsi accettare ma, al contrario, si comporta istintivamente in un modo riprovevole ubriacandosi.
Il terzo episodio sta nell’incontro con la prostituta Liza. Con lei, il protagonista, abbandona il ruolo della vittima e diventa carnefice a sua volta.
Il sottosuolo non è un luogo da cui si esce.
Non ci sono messaggi di salvezza qui, lo starec Zosima non era ancora arrivato!

” Siamo nati morti, e da tempo non nasciamo più da padri vivi, e la cosa ci piace sempre di più. Ci prendiamo gusto. Presto escogiteremo il modo di nascere da un’idea. Ma basta; non voglio più scrivere “dal Sottosuolo”...”

” In un romanzo ci vuole un eroe, e qui sono raccolte apposta tutte le caratteristiche di un antieroe, e l’essenziale è che tutto ciò produrrà un’impressione spiacevole, perché siamo tutti disabituati alla vita, tutti zoppichiamo, chi più chi meno (…)”
April 17,2025
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On what was to be a particularly dark day, Dostoyevsky decided to portray the most despicable man he could imagine.
This fact is how we could summarize the Basement. The man Dostoyevsky imagined is not an assassin nor even a petty criminal. On the contrary, he is a vile being in every way. He is an anonymous person in whom no one has ever been interested and will never be. He is insignificant. His only way to exist is to annoy others. He does not conceive of existence otherwise.
Having a toothache is a pleasure for him: it gives him a good reason to complain, moan, and prevent others from sleeping. For him, friendship or love has only one meaning, and he claims it proudly: to accept being morally tortured by the other. So we avoid it like we avoid dog poop on the sidewalk. And even that gives him a form of enjoyment.
Inevitably, there is a prostitute with a somewhat childish face. We are in Dostoyevsky. And the way he will behave with her is even lower than you'd expect.
Did Dostoyevsky need to dig deep into the human soul to compose his character? No. He took it all off and left an egoist alone amid men.
Yet even this man can hope for redemption; the end tells us if he repents deep within himself. If we accept this interpretation, this book probably represents the apogee of this strange and tortured current that was Christian existentialism.
April 17,2025
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As I burrowed anxiously into Fyodor Dostoevsky’s underground rant when I was eighteen, I was suddenly mushrooming in stature far beyond my pay scale.

How do you explain it to your senior year preppie-ish friends that you’re suddenly beyond them? You’re like Alice in the rabbit hole. I had been a bullied suburban kid, and now I was being harried by absurd abstractions.

And justifying it - by labelling it smart - but sotto voce, so no one heard me.

All my life, you see, my thoughts and emotions had had free reign over my headspace, simply because I suddenly thought they corresponded with those of some amazing writers.

In one fell stroke my thought thought itself out into a complete simplicity: and by the same stroke I was left far behind by the crowd, a disgrace. Bullies who had harassed me, now high school gridiron heroes, told me I had to get my act in gear. Why didn’t I get the picture?

Small town kids only thrive in their own small minds. For them, what you see is what you get. But they’re right, in a sense, except they all wanted more, too.

They wanted a BIG slice of the Pie.

And I had another 50 years to live before I’d see that. In the meantime I’d be just like Auden’s ambitious kid who one day, for the first time, “saw his (enormous) shadow - and ran.”

And running from your shadow is in fact becoming a REAL Underground Man.

Once a real grownup sees you’re doing it, you’re Royally Snookered. And you’re really underground. As Hesse said, you’re now Beneath the Wheel.

So you pay. As all pay, who aim too high.

But you know what?

If you pay that price as fully consciously and in the same way as you once thought you saw great men’s thoughts echoing your own, you may in fact pay it as a Conscious Sacrifice to a Greater Being.

A Being of ground-zero, true ethical substance.

The only hope of a secure foundation for our life. And the only release from our self-imposed separation within the common currency of craving.

For ONLY when our hopes have all been turned to dust, do we see.

That doesn’t seem like such a Great Leap to make when you’re reduced to Ground Level - that’s the beautiful irony of it.

For to the big shots, faith is a weak crutch - while to little schmoes like you and me, it’s a clear path to peace.

As the faith of the Russian Master who wrote this novella was for him.

For the writing about the Underground Man was just a pretense...

An excuse for him to reach out to pass the only available candle to ALL of us under-grounders:

Who have spent too long in the dark not to reach out ourselves - for the first glimmer of light in our grim lives -

The Light of true Being.
April 17,2025
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به نام او

یک رمان خارق العاده اصلا این لفظ هم برای وصف این رمان کمه نمیدانم چه بگویم
به نظرم یادداشتهای زیرزمینی بهترین رمان کوتاه فیودور داستایفسکی بزرگه
رمانی که با هنرمندی هرچه تمام زوایای روحیِ یک آدمِ زیادی را به تصویر میکشه و مخاطب را قدم به قدم با او همراه میکنه و هم او را زجر میده و هم مخاطب را
واقعا وصف خوبیهای این رمان برایم سخت است باید مدتی بگذرد در موردش بیاندیشم سبک سنگین کنم ببینم خود من چقدر تا ادم زیادی شدن فاصله دارم و نسبتم با این رمان چیست
باز هم میگویم هیچ نویسنده ای به اندازه داستایفسکی بزرگ نفس اماره و متعاقبا انسان را نمی شناسد.
یادداشتهای زیرزمینی یکی از بهترین جلوه های قدرت قلمی این غولِ روسه
April 17,2025
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‏n  n


إن مأساة هذا الإنسان البائس على وجه التحديد حينما لا يجد المنفذ للتنفيس من بين الأبواب الموصدة أمامه .. ثم لا يخرج، ولا ينفجر، ولا يعبر عما بداخله كما يليق بكائن حي ذو منزلة عالية.

لذا تجده يتوه في حقده مع صراعاته الدامية، وأفكاره المريضة .. ويتربص بها كالثعلب حيناً، والأفعى الغاضبة حيناً آخر.

حتى يقضي ليلته ثائراً، مقهوراً، منكفئاً في عزلته. يدور خلف أفكاره وكأنها تهرب منه وهو يركض خلفها ليمسكها ..
ثم لا يمسك منها إلا الخيال الذي يتلاعب به.


إن الإنسان المهان، مخلوق هائج كبلّته أوهامه مع ما لا يقاوم من رغباته في مستقبل أفضل .. ووعي لا ينفصم عنه وعن واقعه القاطع لما يرنو له .. و استحالة ذلك كله، الذي يدركه تمام الإدراك.

فيتضخم القلق كالوحش في صدره، مع ما يكبر من ضآلته .. حتى لا يغدو أكبر من حشرة بائسة غذاها الهم والقلق.





مسجون في كبريائة، جريح خلف القضبان، ينزف عزة مهدورة، جريمته في إهانته، وعقابه كان بالتقريع الذي لا يتوقف .. عله يخفف من عقوبات لحقته بحقيقته وأنه كان ضحية لا مجرم. ذنبه وعيه الكامل .. بالمستقبل الناقص.

في الإنزواء في القبو، طريق مظلم ظل يشق دربه في عقله ويزرع على جنباته عذابات الأمس التي كان لا بد لها أن تُجتث من فوق أرضه ولا ينزل إلا خالي الوفاض وواسع النفس.

في قبوه كان لابد أن يحفر قبراً يبتلع آلامه ولكنه حفر له جهنم صغرى وقذف بروحه فيها بلا رحمه. جرح نفسه مبتسماً وتلذذ بخروج الدم.

إنها العظمة الزائفة، والخوف الدائم من خدش الكرامة!.
وأي إنسان يفكر أكثر من اللازم فيما يخافه ستجرحه حتى أقدام النملة السادرة بجهلها على من تمشي، و أي ضرر سيتبعها.


.......





.......


البشرة المكشوفة :
معرضة لأدنى اكتساح، والريح التي تأتي ستكون للتعرية لا للستر .. فيخرج ضعفها مفضوحاً لكل عين.

القلب الثائر بصمت :
مكشوف تحت شروق الشمس من لون احتقانه وتهاويه المحتمل.

الحقد :
يحول الإنسان إلى طاغية دون أن يدرك حتى، وجارح لا يذكر ألمه حينما كان مجروح، وآلة لا تحنو على أي مادة تراها في وجهها. تنهال عليها بالضرب والتمزيق.

.
.
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-هل يكذب الإنسان ؟
-نعم، ويرتكب أفظع الحماقات تحت غلاف الحب بل حتى يقتل من يهوى بدمٍ بارد ليستعيد كبريائه بحقارة وقذارة صرصار خرج للتو من جحره، حاملاً معه نتانة الريح التي كان مكتوماً بها في قبوه.

April 17,2025
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"أنا رجلٌ مريض... أنا رجلٌ شرير... أنا بالأحرى رجلٌ منفّر"

هكذا استهلّ ديستوفيسكي روايته مذكرات قبو، على هيئة يوميّات، ساردُها شخصٌ مريرٌ ومنعزل، وهو موظف بسيط متقاعد.
إنسان مثير للاشمئزاز، أناني، شرير، سادي، غير مستقر في علاقته مع نفسه أو مع الآخرين... لكنه في الوقت نفسه شديد الغيرة على حريته الاساسية،
شديد التمسك بها، وهو يريدها على الدوام حرية من دون قيد أو شرط، يهمه الحفاظ عليها حتى ولو دمر الآخرين في سبيل ذلك.

رواية زاخرة بالمشاعر والأفكار حتى وإن كان معظمها أفكار ومشاعر مريضة لشخص غير متزن ستبهرك

قسّم الكتاب إلى جزئين، الأول عبارة عن جلد للذات، وعرض فلسفته الغريبة تجاه الحياة والأشخاص
متحدثًا بحنق وعنف مدافعًا عن حريته التي يريد التمتع بها وسط الوحول، وفي غور الأرض.
ذلك أن الحرية الشخصية هي أول وأكثر ما يهم رجل السرداب هذا.
وهو من أجلها على استعداد لإبداء أقصى درجات الأنانية وكراهية البشر واللؤم على استعداد حتى لإيذاء الآخرين من دون رحمة.
القسم الثاني تشغله حكايات يرويها رجل القبو لمستمعيه. وهي تبدو للوهلة الأولى، وكأنها غير ذات علاقة، بالقسم الأول،
لكننا سرعان ما نكتشف أن دوستويفسكي إنما يحاول أن يقدم عبرها، نموذجًا تطبيقيًا لكل الاخلاقيات والجوّانيات التي عبر عنها في القسم الأول من الكتاب. والحكاية الرئيسة هنا هي حكاية غرام غريب، أو على الأقل، حكاية غريبة لعلاقة تقوم بين رجل القبو هذا، وبين فتاة الهوى ليزا،
التي يتعرف اليها في بيت للدعارة توجه اليه ذات يوم مع حفنة من رفاقه اثر مأدبة حضروها معًا وشربوا فيها كثيرًا التي يُظهر فيها أيضًا نحو رفاقه الكثير من الاحتقار والتدني والاضطراب. وهناك، يحاول ان يلعب دور الواعظ الاخلاقي إزاء فتاة الهوى ليزا، يحطمها، يبكيها، يمارس عليها سلطته ويفرغ عليها غضبه.
سيطول شرح تضارب المشاعر والأفكار التي تناولها النص، لا أحد يغوص في أغوار الأنفس البشرية مثل ديستوفيسكي.
رواية عظيمة، أسرتني، وقبضت مشاعري.

يقول:
“لم أكن أعرف فقط كيف أصير شريرًا وإنما ظللت لا أعرف كذلك كيف أصير أى شئ يذكر على الإطلاق:
لا شريرًا ولا طيبًا ولا دنيئًا ولا شريفًا ولا بطلًا ولا حشرة. والأن ها أنذا أنهى مسيرتى فى هذه الحفرة.”
April 17,2025
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Never be fooled by book size when it comes to Dostoevsky! This novella was just under 100 pages long so I figured it would take me just a couple of hours to read. I was obviously wrong but I enjoyed the read. The prose is extremely dense so I had to read it slower than I read other books. The protagonist was fascinating (peculiar, even) and I enjoyed reading his introspective thoughts about different issues. I will definitely be re-reading this one.
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