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April 17,2025
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Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad - read by millions, reviewed by thousands. Is it possible for me to come up with anything even approaching originality for this classic? I think not. Thus, I've confined myself to commenting on several select passages.

"Imagine him here—the very end of the world, a sea the colour of lead, a sky the colour of smoke, a kind of ship about as rigid as a concertina—and going up this river with stores, or orders, or what you like."

Marlow pictures the Romans who came to what is now England as viewing the River Thames in much the same way as he viewed the river in the Congo - as the heart of darkness. Marlow is keenly aware what passes for civilization is an extremely relative term. Conrad's novella breaks new ground in its harsh criticism of colonialism and, more generally, Western Civilization.

"Now and then a boat from the shore gave one a momentary contact with reality. It was paddled by black fellows. You could see from afar the white of their eyeballs glistening. They shouted, sang; their bodies streamed with perspiration; they had faces like grotesque masks—these chaps; but they had bone, muscle, a wild vitality, an intense energy of movement, that was as natural and true as the surf along their coast."

Faces like grotesque masks, you say? Why? Because they do not possess the familiar features of white Europeans? Doesn't this speak to our all too human tendency to see those not like ourselves as "the other"?

"I could see every rib, the joints of their limbs were like knots in a rope; each had an iron collar on his neck, and all were connected together with a chain whose bights swung between them, rhythmically clinking...They were called criminals, and the outraged law, like the bursting shells, had come to them, an insoluble mystery from the sea. All their meagre breasts panted together, the violently dilated nostrils quivered, the eyes stared stonily uphill. They passed me within six inches, without a glance, with that complete, deathlike indifference of unhappy savages."

Marlow repeatedly refers to the Africans as savages. Is it any wonder Chinua Achebe notes when reading Heart of Darkness he realized he was "not on Marlow's ship" but was, instead, one of the unattractive beings Marlow encounters. Achebe goes on to say how Conrad describes an African working on the ship as a "dog wearing trousers". Achebe judges Conrad's language of description of Africans as inappropriate. "I realized how terribly terribly wrong it was to portray my people — any people — from that attitude."

“Suddenly there was a growing murmur of voices and a great tramping of feet. A caravan had come in. A violent babble of uncouth sounds burst out on the other side of the planks."

Marlow (and Conrad) never once has an African speak language; rather, the Africans in the novella merely grunt, howl, screech or babble. Is this the tacit message: these Africans are not entirely human?

On one level, Heart of Darkness can be read as a tale of returning to our human origins, indeed, to even a time deep and dark prior to homo sapiens making their appearance on Earth. Although a good number of Christian theologians, priests and ministers recognize evolution as the way God created us humans, many fundamentalists reject evolution entirely. Perhaps their seeing humans evolving in Africa, the dark continent, the "heart of darkness," as completely unacceptable.
April 17,2025
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Soul! If anybody ever struggled with a soul, I am the man. And I wasn’t arguing with a lunatic either. Believe me or not, his intelligence was perfectly clear- concentrated, it is true, upon himself with horrible intensity, yet clear; and therein was my only chance- barring, of course, the killing him there and then, which wasn’t so good, on account of unavoidable noise



Human heart of full of darkness, but is humanity capable of expressing it fully? Can the wilderness of humanity be disseminated through its existence? Are ‘civilized’ people any different from those who are labeled as ‘savages? Does civilization take humanity away from the path of evolution whose milestones are empathy and compassion? Does the path of human evolution necessarily pass through river of power, imperialism which is built upon under-currents of darkness, racism, butchery and savagery? Does the gene responsible for human coloration also underline the superiority of human beings? The sombre snake of darkness, whose head is a sea of human wilderness, whose body runs through various expressions of human wilderness, if uncoiled it will spit out the abashed, ferocious, dingy poisons of humanity, which may send a feeling of harrowing terror if it comes face-to-face with humanity. Is mother Nature capable of enduring the possessions which humanity asserted through its evolution. Could humanity withstand itself on the first hand? Is humanity storing enough to deny to fall into trap of its own avarices and gluttony- the darkness it contains in itself? Do we fall into the void—do we drown or come out with a stronger sense of self?” These are the questions raised by Joseph Conrad through this novella which portrays the darkest history of human existence.

Though the novella maybe not from the contemporary world but it remains as relevant today as it was then, which could be said a timeless harrowing beauty. The book has dense imagery and emotions which has the ability to surprise and shock the reader simultaneously. It is said to be an essential starting point of modernism in English literature as Conrad as its literary experiments, themes could be interpreted in different ways, Conrad is said to bring his non-English sensibilities to English literature. The novella centers on the efforts of Marlow, Conrad's alter ego, to travel up an unnamed African river on behalf of his employer in order to bring back a rogue ivory trader, Mr Kurtz. Kurtz's reputation precedes him: "He is a prodigy… an emissary of pity and science and progress." Yet as Marlow gets closer to Kurtz, there is the growing suggestion that he has in some way become corrupted and descended into savagery.



His was an impenetrable darkness. I looked at him as you peer down at a man who is lying at the bottom of a precipice where the sun never shines.

Mr. Kurtz is depicted as a puzzle, a 'widespread virtuoso', who had been sending enormous measure of ivory from the hearts of this territory to the base station while other station aces were wallowing, when they were not passing on, or diverting feeble from the unfriendly condition. The whole campaign is much for one reason, that is of discovering Mr. Kurtz; while for Marlow - to converse with this riddle is the motivation behind this trial. Marlow becomes loyal to Kurtz, even to the dead Kurtz, and there seems to be little reason in it other than that he sympathized with Kurtz and at the same time loathed the general white lot present with him, whom he refers to as the ‘pilgrims’, seekers of ivory.

The shad of the original Kurtz frequented the bedside of the hollow sham, whose fate it was to be buried presently in the mould of primeval earth. But both the diabolic love and the unearthly hate of the mysterious it had penetrated fought for the possession of that soul satiated with primitive emotions, avid of lying fame, of sham distinction, of all the appearances of the success and power.


The book seems to suggest that we are not able to understand the darkness that has affected Kurtz's soul—certainly not without understanding what he has been through in the jungle. Taking Marlow's point of view, we glimpse from the outside what has changed Kurtz so irrevocably from the European man of sophistication to something far more frightening. As if to demonstrate this, Conrad lets us view Kurtz on his deathbed. In the final moments of his life, Kurtz is in a fever. Even so, he seems to see something that we cannot. Staring at himself he can only mutter, "The horror! The horror!"

The darkness of the civilized humanity wherein a supposedly noble white man, who entered the jungles of Africa as a missionary of science, advancement and progress, however, during the course of his stay there, his inner self got better of him and he turned into a white tyrant, the tyranny of him is vicious and catastrophic, in whose comparison the barbarism of natives is nothing. In Kurtz, the alleged benevolence of colonialism has flowered into criminality. Marlow’s voyage from Europe to Africa and then upriver to Kurtz’s Inner Station is a revelation of the squalors and disasters of the colonial “mission”, staring at his own self, abashed and ashamed, Kurtz could only say- “The horror! The horror!; as if it’s the horror to eventually succumb to his real and vile self, the horror to realize that ideals of man could not sustain the vagaries of avarices of humanity and humanity finds itself eventually stained with its own murder. In Marlow’s mind, a journey back to the beginning of creation, when nature reigned exuberant and unrestrained, and a trip figuratively down as well, through the levels of the self to repressed and unlawful desires.

Did he live his life again in every detail of desire, temptation, and surrender during that supreme moment of complete knowledge? He cried in a whisper at some image, at some vision- he cried out twice, a cry that was no more than a breath:
“The horror! The horror!”



The prose of the novella is like a fresh wave as it contains some of the most fantastic use of language in English literature. The roots of Poland, the journey through France and South America as a seaman had influenced his style to have a wonderfully authentic colloquialism. We also see a style that is remarkably poetic for a prose work. More than a novel, the work is like an extended symbolic poem, affecting the reader with the breadths of its ideas as well as the beauty of its words. One may initially feel uncomfortable at the prose of Conrad but after braving through a few pages, the reader would certainly fell under Conrad’s spell.

Perhaps it was an impulse of unconscious loyalty, or the fulfilment of one of those ironic necessities that lurk in the facts of human existence. I don’t know. I can’t tell. But I went.



It may be said with authority that Heart of Darkness is a masterfully constructed parable on human nature, how does humanity in general behaves when tested under arduous circumstances. Despite his protestations, this is undeniably an invaluable historical document offering a glimpse into the horrific human consequences of the imperial powers' scramble for Africa as much as it is a compelling tale. As put up by Conrad himself that savagery is inherent in all of us, however civilized we may become, it is a brief interlude between innumerable centuries of darkness and the darkness yet to come.

Perhaps! I like to think my summing up would not have been a word of careless contempt. Better his cry- much better. It was an affirmation, a moral victory paid for by innumerable defeats, by abominable terrors, by abominable satisfactions. But it was a victory! That is why I have remained loyal to Kurtz to the last, and even beyond, when a long time after I heard once more, not his own voice, but the echo of his magnificent eloquence thrown to me from a soul as translucently pure as a cliff of crystal.
April 17,2025
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کتابهای کسل کننده کدام‌ند: بهشت گمشده و کمدی الهی

میلتون حالم را بهم می‌زند دانته هم. این را تنها من نمی‌گویم بلکه خود شیطان هم گفته. آری این موجود که می‌گویند هزاران سال جد و آباد هرچه حوصله است را در آورده، از خواندن این کتاب‌ها تا حال استفراغ پیش رفته. خود او را با اجازه جرج برنارد شاو از کتاب دون ژوان در جهنم احضار می‌کنم

شیطان: از فکر مرگ تصورشان به درخشش می آید، نیروی‌شان اوج می گیرد، این آدم‌ها آی که شیفته مرگ‌اند. و هرچه وحشتناکتر باشد بیشتر ازش کیف می‌برند. جهنم جائی است بالاتر از قوه فهم‌شان. مفهوم جهنم را بیشتر از دو نفر گرفته‌اند که احمق ترین احمق های روزگار بوده‌اند، یکی ایتالیایی و دیگری انگلیسی: دانته و میلتون. ایتالیایی جهنم را جای گل و شل و یخ و چرک و آتش و افعی های زهردار می‌دانست از سر تا ته شکنجه.اما انگلیسی
می‌گفت مرا به ضرب توپ و باروت از بهشت بیرون کرده‌اند- آن هم جنگ و خون و شکنجه. چه مهملات دیگری گفته، من خبر ندارم زیرا همه‌اش توی یک شعر خیلی دراز است که نه من و نه هیچ کس دیگر هیچوقت نتوانسته تمامش را بخواند



برخی از کتابخوران بر این باورند که"دل تاریکی" را هم باید به لیست بالا اضافه کرد. بنده هم موافقم و هم مخالف. شیطان ولی دارد داد می‌زند:«هیچ "کتاب سفارشی"ئی به کسالت دو کتاب بالا نمی‌رسد. شما را به خدایانی که می‌پرستید قلم کنراد را به گند نکشید. هیچ کتاب کوتاهی به اندازه "دل تاریکی" نتوانسته به این سادگی لب مطلب را به انسان‌های احمق برساند. بی هیچ عذر و بهانه‌ای آن‌را باید جزو شاهکارها دانست.» آری او از این کتاب خوشش می‌آید. دلیلش را خواهم گفت. البته این کتاب هم کسل کننده است و باید هم باشد. چون از لحاظ ساختاری از دو کتاب بالا و چند افسانه‌ی شبیه به آن تقلید کرده است. تا بهتر بتواند تصویر جهنم و سفر به آن را در ناخودآگاه ما زنده کند. اما بی‌تعارف حق را به طرف شیطان می‌دهم زیرا با اینکه این کتاب را با کسالت بسیار خواندم و چند ماهی طول کشید اما نمی‌توانستم قیدش را بزنم. در حقیقت فضای این کتاب باید هم تاریک باشد مگر ما انسان‌ها چه روشنی به این دنیا دادیم که باید انتظار داشته باشیم این جهان ما را با آغوش باز بپذیرد؟

ـ همین چندروز پیش مردی را سوار کردم که توی راه خودش را حلق‌آویز کرد
ـ خودش را حلق‌آویز کرد! تو را به خدا، آخر چرا؟
ـ که می‌داند؟ شاید خورشید، شاید همین سرزمین، فوق تحملش بود


حقیقت ساده این است که این جهان جهنم شده و آن را نه شیطان که خود انسان ساخته. کلی اتهام به شیطانِ بدبخت بستیم اما از ما پلیدتر کیست؟ تا خود را قویتر از دیگری ببینم می‌رویم پدرش را در می‌آوریم. مگر اروپاییان متمدن همین بلا را سر آفریقاییان نیاوردند؟ چه جنایت‌هایی که نکرده‌اند این نژاد سفید و برتر!!؟؟

آنها فاتح بودند و تنها چیزی که برای فتح لازم است، قدرت حیوانی است. کسی هم که چنین قدرتی داشته باشد، جای نازیدن ندارد، چون قدرتش عارضه‌ای است که از ضعف دیگران ناشی شده است

کنراد در این کتاب غیر مستقیم از شیطان رفع اتهام کرده است. شیطان برای او بلند می‌شود و برایش دست می‌زند. بسیار شاد است که از او اعاده حیثیت ‌شده. او هرچه بود ولی دروغگو نبود و حاضر هم نشد ریاکارانه سجده کند. واقعا چه کسی برای چنین گندویی سجده می‌برد؟
آری ما همان قبری سفیدیم که مسیح می‌گفت رنگ و روی سپیدش، پلیدی و پستی و مرگ درونش را پنهان کرده

از دروغ بیزارم. دلیلش هم این نیست که من از شما روراست‌تر باشم. دلیلش این است که دروغ هراسانم می‌کند، همین و بس. ته رنگی از مرگ و طعمی از فنا در دروغ هست، همان چیزی که می‌خواهم از یاد ببرم. درمانده‌ام می‌کند، همان بلایی که از گاز زدن چیز گندیده‌ای بر سر آدم می‌آید
April 17,2025
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A dark dark novel, with great historical significance. Conrad glances into the deep underbellies of modernity to reveal its darkest and greatest preserved secrets, that of colonialism, offshore theft, barbarism and perversion. It is understandable that this book is often required reading in many postcolonial courses. In fact, Heart of Darkness might be one of the first postcolonial novels, in that it is deeply concerned with the effects and characteristics of colonialism, and as such, it is also one of the first truly modern novels; all modern novels, directly or indirectly, are concerned with or shaped by colonialism and the postcolonial.

The writing in itself is also intensely modern, as the focus is directed inward, as it were, to the hearts of men and mankind. This focus is shaped by darkness, as our existence is one of great horror and malevolence. We are all at each others throats; greedy and power hungry but, like Kurtz, we are also intensely lonely. Conrad represents man as engaging in self perpetuating and evil solipsism.
April 17,2025
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(Book 780 From 1001 Books) - Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad

Heart of Darkness (1899) is a novella by Polish-English novelist Joseph Conrad, about a voyage up the Congo River into the Congo Free State, in the heart of Africa, by the story's narrator Charles Marlow.

Marlow tells his story to friends aboard a boat anchored on the River Thames.

This setting provides the frame for Marlow's story of his obsession with the ivory trader Kurtz, which enables Conrad to create a parallel between "the greatest town on earth" and Africa as places of darkness.

عنوانهای چاپ شده در ایران: «دل تاریکی»، «در اعماق ظلمت»؛ «قلب تاریکی»؛ نویسنده: جوزف کنراد؛ انتشاراتیها (امیرکبیر، کتابهای جیبی، اکباتان، کلبه، سمیر، نیلوفر، علمی فرهنگی) ادبیات؛ تاریخ نخستین خوانش ماه مارس سال 2002میلادی

عنوان: دل تاریکی، جوانی؛ نویسنده: جوزف کنراد؛ مترجم: محمدعلی صفریان؛ تهران، امیرکبیر، کتابهای جیبی، 1355؛ در 211ص؛ «جوانی از ص 9، تا ص 64»، «دل تاریکی از ص 65، تا ص 211»؛ موضوع داستانهای نویسندگان بریتانیا - سده 20م

عنوان: در اعماق ظلمت؛ نویسنده: جوزف کنراد؛ مترجم: فریدون حاجتی؛ تهران، اکباتان، 1365؛ در 184ص؛ چاپ دیگر تهران، کلبه، 1381، در184ص، شابک 9647545168؛ چاپ دیگر تهران، سمیر، 1386؛ در 184ص؛ شابک 9789648940534؛

عنوان: دل تاریکی؛ نویسنده: جوزف کنراد؛ مترجم: صالح حسینی؛ تهران، نیلوفر، 1373؛ در 190ص؛ شابک 9644481682؛ چاپ سوم 1389؛ چاپ چهارم 1393؛ شابک 9789644481680؛

عنوان: قلب تاریکی؛ نویسنده: جوزف کنراد؛ مترجم: کاوه نگارش؛ تهران، علمی فرهنگی، 1394؛ در هشت و 123ص؛ شابک 9786001219733؛

چکیده داستان: ملوانی به نام «مارلو» از دوران کودکی، دلتنگ رودی بزرگ است، که در منطقه ‌ای کاوش ‌نشده، در «آفریقا» جاری است؛ سال‌ها بعد، شرکتی که مأمور کاوش در آن منطقه است، فرماندهی یک کشتی ویژه ی حمل «عاج» را، به او می‌سپارد؛ «مارلو»، پس از سفری توانفرسا، و تمام‌ نشدنی، و کابوس‌گونه، سرانجام موفق می‌شود، تا در ژرفای منطقه، به کمپ شرکت برسد؛ اما همه چیز را آشفته، و در هم‌ ریخته، و مرموز می‌یابد؛ سکوت مرموزی بر بومیان ساکن آنجا حاکم است؛ «مارلو» به جستجوی نماینده ی شرکت، به نام «مستر کورتس» می‌پردازد، اما خبری از او در دست نیست؛ «مارلو» براساس نشانه‌ ها، به ژرفای جنگل‌های وحشی می‌رود، و در آنجا «کورتس» را، در حالتی که به «الاهه»، و خدای قبایل وحشی بدل شده می‌یابد؛ «کورتس» که با اندیشه ی دعوت وحشیان به «مسیحیت»، سفر خود را آغاز کرده بود، سرانجام به خدایگان، و رئیس رقصندگان، و قربانی‌ کنندگان قبایل وحشی، بدل شده؛ او بارها کوشیده، تا بگریزد، اما وحشیان، او را یافته، و حاضر نمیشوند، «خدای سفید» خود را، از دست بدهند؛ او اینک در حالتی نیمه ‌دیوانه، و در حال مرگ، با «مارلو» روبرو می‌شود؛ «مارلو» می‌کوشد او را راضی کند، تا با او بیاید، اما او دیگر حاضر نیست؛ «مارلو» او را به ‌زحمت، و با زور همراه خویش می‌کند، اما در کشتی، «کورتس» می‌میرد؛ پایان‌بندی داستان، با رقص زنی عریان، از قبایل، و یافتن بسته ی نامه های متعلق به نامزد «کورتس»، از سوی «مارلو»، خوانشگر را، درگیر تردیدهای بزرگ می‌کند؛ «مارلو» می‌رود تا آن نامه‌ها را به آن زن برساند، اما در برابر خود، زنی را می‌یابد، که قادر به ایثار و ایمان و رنج است، و با یاد گم‌شده ‌اش، به زندگی ادامه می‌دهد؛ «مارلو» قادر نیست، حقیقت زندگی، و مرگ «کورتس» را، بیان کند، و تنها به زن اطمینان می‌دهد، که «کورتس» در واپسین دم حیات، به یاد او بوده، و نام او را بر زبان رانده ‌است

بزرگوارانی همچون جنابان آقایان: «صالح حسینی»، «کیومرث پارسای»، «احمد میرعلائی»، «حسن افشار»، و «پرویز داریوش»،‌ به ترجمه ی آثار «جوزف کنراد»؛ به واژه های پارسایی پرداخته‌ اند، کتاب «دل تاریکی»، در سالهای آغازین سده بیستم میلادی ـ سال 1902میلادی ـ نوشته شده، چاپ نخست آن به روایتی در سال 1355هجری خورشیدی، در کشور ما منتشر شده است

نقل از متن «دل تاریکی» نوشته ی «جوزف کنراد»: (یادم هست که یکبار به ناو جنگی­ ای برخوردیم، که دور از ساحل لنگر انداخته بود؛ تو بگو یک آلونک هم آنجا نبود، و ناو جنگی به بوته­ ها توپ شلیک می­کرد؛ معلوم شد که «فرانسوی»­ها در آن دوروبرها، به یکی از جنگ­هاشان سرگرمند؛ پرچم ناو جنگی، همانند لته ­ای شل­ و ول می­افتاد، لوله ­ی توپ­های بلند شش اینچی، از همه جای بدنه ­ی کوتاه ناو، بیرون زده بود، امواج چرب­ و چیلی و پر از لجن، کاهلانه ناو را بالا می­انداخت، و به پایین ولش می­کرد، و دکل­های کوچولوی آنرا نوسان می­داد؛ این ناو در آن بی­کرانگی تهی زمین و آسمان و آب، ایستاده بود، ‌که معلوم نبود برای چه آنجاست، و توی قاره­ ای توپ می­انداخت؛ از یکی از توپ­های شش اینچی، تاپ، گلوله­ ای درمی­رفت، شعله­ ی کوچکی زبانه می­کشید و محو می­شد، ذره­ ای دود سفید ناپدید می­شد، پرتابه­ ی ریزی جیغ خفیفی می­کشید، و هیچ اتفاقی نمی­افتاد، امکان نداشت که اتفاقی بیفتد؛ نشانی از دیوانگی، در این ماجرا بود، و معرکه، حالتی حزن­ آور، و هم خنده ­آور داشت، به گفته­ ی یکی از سرنشینان کشتی هم، که به لحن جدی اطمینانم می­داد اردوگاه بومیان، ‌که آن­ها را دشمن میخواند، جایی پنهان از نظر قرار دارد، این حالت را از بین نبرد)؛ پایان نقل

تاریخ بهنگام رسانی 05/07/1399هجری خورشیدی؛ 04/06/1400هجری خورشیدی؛ ا. شربیانی
April 17,2025
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Celebrity Death Match Review Tournament, Round 1: The Essential Calvin and Hobbes versus Heart of Darkness

Heart of Darkness doesn't even bother to show up, but sends its kid sister, n  Cannibal Women in the Avocado Jungle of Deathn. Calvin and Hobbes laugh scornfully, but their jeers soon become screams of terror as the Cannibal Women tie them up and eat them alive with guacamole and corn chips.
April 17,2025
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حلقة عن الرواية في دودة كتب

https://youtu.be/Wx-YQSNA1mY

رواية فذة، عميقة عمق قاتل، كل مرة قرأتها قبل مانام حلمت بيها، وكل جلسات القراءة الكثيرة، والقصيرة اللي قرأتها خلالها، كانت محاولات لتخفيف حدة أثرها.
شكرًا للكرمة على الترجمة وعلى اتاحتها على كيندل.
April 17,2025
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It was dark. Sleeping hours.
Under the covers, I was wrapped in warmth, comfort, and love. Paul was asleep. I was awake. While in the spooning position, I was reading this Conrad novella....aware of how beautiful our snuggling stillness was.

I’m not sure if “Heart of Darkness”, is considered a masterpiece or not, but it’s definitely a classic. 76 pages.
It’s too dry for my taste in totality...
But....
many of the sentences were sooo gorgeous-that even the ones I didn’t fully comprehend... I was in ‘aw’..
and ‘wow’....
...thinking how in the world did Conrad know to put these words together — so magnificently? Such beauty from simply uniting words with words....while addressing somber themes.

To understand this book in deeper depth ... reviews on Amazon helped.
Thank you to the many who read this before me.

A personal share:
Two days ago I was harshly accused- slammed publicly for being a front line anti- semantic.
It was one of those WHAT????- moments? Was Jerry nuts? I’m Jewish. He’s Jewish. We went to High School together. He crushed on my cousin for years. We are friends.
I’m a Democratic. He’s a Republican. I was a decent student. He was a National Merritt Scholar.

I’m aware that in our election year of 2020, it can be harder than ever to keep friendships with extreme opposing views about politics.

So — I was slammed!
Other friends and my daughter slammed Jerry right back.
“Walk away troll” my daughter wrote.
“Block him others said”
etc etc.
Me: after the initial shock...
I just really wanted to understand why I was the target of Jerry’s anger. I’m not the enemy.
I also said...
“Do not speak to me like that again”.
He listened. I noticed. He ‘didn’t’ attack me again.
Jerry replied with an excerpt he found on the internet to support him backing his views ( fine with me).
I asked for an apology.
So far -nothing - all is quiet on the Facebook thread where I posted a photo of Melania’s military outfit from the Republican Conversation.... next to Hitler’s military uniform. ( an article from the news)

Back to this novella:
In part it deals with good and evil.
So..... it gave me a chance to examine and re-examine my recent ‘Jerry-slam’ experience.

Where is the evil? Where was the good?
Can evil and good unify?
I’d like to think so.

I keep noticing a common theme.... [“The Legacy” by Kirsten Tranter], in my reading recently:
Hurting others
Being hurt.
Aren’t they both just two sides of the same coin?
And if yes...who is the fight really with?

“No joy in the brilliance of sunshine.
Nightmarish scenes are omnipresent, every sound signifies an alarm of danger,
and every sight evokes feelings of disgust and fear”.

Conrad’s talent from the English language — are extraordinary....
Creating mood, atmosphere,
repercussions from the tropical environment, and the darkness of the human soul.
April 17,2025
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You can read a mountain of historical/sci-fi novels and still not understand how the world works…

The Missing:
--I got more out of the first pages of (nonfiction) King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa (which has its own limitations, see link) than this book, and both are highly readable so we cannot use the excuse of not wanting to read an academic textbook.
--I have heard several times the leftist critique of reading Charles Dickens, which may give you a visceral sense of the symptoms (often through micro character-analysis) but rarely offers systemic, structural analysis (property rights, accumulation processes, crises/contradictions, value systems/externalities, etc.), thus:
1) Re-enforcing hegemonic liberal myths we live by regarding "the market", "the state", "the individual", "human nature", "stages of development", cultural hierarchies, etc.
2) Obscuring avenues for systemic change, offering only liberal charity/petty redistribution.

--George Orwell's Animal Farm and 1984 are also prominent examples, where liberal schoolchildren not educated in critically analyzing actual history are easily swayed by elegant fairytales. This is not to say Orwell's works should be ignored; they just need to be carefully analyzed in their historical and social context, ex. Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism
--Not all propaganda needs to be well-written (see Hitler and Ayn Rand's manifestos; see The Reactionary Mind: Conservatism from Edmund Burke to Donald Trump), but I would expect some to be.

--Thus, in my pursuit to learn geopolitical economy I do not invest much time anymore to fiction. There are several classics I revisit as artistic thought-experiments, but even then I am mostly reading for fun.
--That said, I am inspired by Yanis Varoufakis (more on the materialist side; Talking to My Daughter About the Economy: or, How Capitalism Works—and How It Fails) and David Graeber (more on the idealist; Debt: The First 5,000 Years) use of fables to illustrate and emphasize more abstract concepts in political economy.
...as well as Varoufakis' recent foray into "sci-fi" (Another Now: Dispatches from an Alternative Present). Just compare the latter's substance with the reverse process (sci-fi writer turning to non-fiction speculation, like The Ministry for the Future)! Yes, I am neglecting the nitpicking of fictional characters/plot.
...Perhaps the author with the most success in bringing both realms to life is Arundhati Roy: nonfiction (My Seditious Heart: Collected Nonfiction) and fiction (The God of Small Things)...

--For an interesting summary of this book's (lack of) influence during its time and the ivory tower scholasticism that piled on afterwards, see message #11 in the comments section below.
--This book took forever to get going; I was half-way through before awaking from my stupor. I’m not going to try and squeeze liquid from stone. No high-school book report like some do on Goodreads, nor a scholarly literary critique (sorry Edward W. Said); this book was a filler during commutes back from work when my mind needed a reset. Had I not spent my wage labour day draining my mental battery and social imagination, I would be better served catching up on these under-read critical nonfiction gems:

--macro:
-Capital and Imperialism: Theory, History, and the Present
-Perilous Passage: Mankind and the Global Ascendancy of Capital
-The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery
-The Apocalypse of Settler Colonialism: The Roots of Slavery, White Supremacy, and Capitalism in 17th Century North America and the Caribbean
-The World and Africa: Inquiry Into the Part Which Africa Has Played in World History
-Red Star Over the Third World
-Killing Hope: U.S. Military and C.I.A. Interventions Since World War II
-The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World
-Washington Bullets: A History of the CIA, Coups, and Assassinations
-Struggle Makes Us Human: Learning from Movements for Socialism

--micro:
-Revolution in a Chinese Village: Ten Mile Inn
-Fanshen: A Documentary of Revolution in a Chinese Village
-The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution
-Building the Commune: Radical Democracy in Venezuela
-We Are Cuba!: How a Revolutionary People Have Survived in a Post-Soviet World
-Black Reconstruction in America 1860-1880

--re-reading old favorites:
-The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World
-The Poorer Nations: A Possible History of the Global South
-Debt: The First 5,000 Years (including the fascinating analysis of how debt relations ensnared in entire colonial chain of exploitation)
-Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World
-Discourse on Colonialism
-The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and its Solutions
-The Veins of the South Are Still Open: Debates Around the Imperialism of Our Time
April 17,2025
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خیلی وقت بود تعریف این رمان را شنیده بودم، آخرین بار در کتابی که اخیراً خواندم (اگر بودا را در راه دیدی او را بکش). حال و هوایی که در نتیجۀ خواندن میرچا الیاده و دیدن مستندهای باراکا و سامسارا در من ایجاد شده بود، ترغیبم کرد که این رمان کوتاه را بخوانم. همزمان موسیقی باراکا و موسیقی های دیگر را در گوش داشتم.

بعد از خواندن رمان، فیلم «اینک آخرالزمان» را یک بار دیگر دیدم. فیلم برداشت آزادی از این رمان است و به جای تصویر خشک و پرتجمّل اروپایی از تمدّن، تصویری آمریکایی از تمدّن عرضه می کند: موج سواری در وسط آتش و گلوله، سوپرمدل های پلی بوی، و انساندوستی آمریکایی: «اول آدم ها را با تیربار از وسط نصف می کنیم، بعد بهشان چسب زخم می دهیم!»

چند نکته راجع به نمادهای داستان

۱. اروپا، گور سفیدشده
کنراد چند بار تمدّن اروپایی را به گور سفیدشده تشبیه می کند، عبارتی که مسیح برای توصیف ریاکاران به کار می برد: «شما به گورهای سفیدشده می مانید که از بیرون نیکو می نماید ولی درون آن از استخوان های مردگان و سایر نجاسات پر است.»
این تشبیه مخصوصاً پس از بازگشت از آفریقا با عباراتی جدیدتر همراه می شود: «دیدن قیافۀ آدم هایی که خیابان ها را به شتاب زیرپا می گذاشتند که از هم پولی بسلفند و پس از آن بروند دست پخت گندشان را بلمبانند و آبجوی مهوّع شان را توی خندق بلا بریزند و بعد بگیرند بخوابند و خواب های حقیر و ابلهانه ببینند، حالم را به هم می زد.»
آخرین نشانه های این اروپا، این زرق و برق ظاهری، در آستانۀ آفریقا، حسابداری است که در میان گرمای کشنده، در میان نیش بی امان حشرات، در میان مردانی که از تب و اسهال می میرند، در میان سیاهپوست هایی که به قلاده و زنجیر کشیده شده اند و تا آخرین لحظۀ حیات از آن ها کار کشیده می شود، در میان لاشه های دیگ های بخار و لوکوموتیوها، اصرار دارد که همچنان یقۀ لباسش آهار داشته باشد، و تمام وقت با کت و شلوار مرتب سر کار حاضر شود. این جاست که آدم با تمام وجود مسخرگی زرق و برق اروپایی را می فهمد، زرق و برقی که کمترین تناسبی با آن چه واقعی است ندارد: گور سفیدشده.

۲. آفریقا، سرزمین تاریکی
در این سو اروپاست با تمام ظواهری که برای فراموش کردن واقعیت برای خود ساخته، و در آن سو آفریقاست با واقعیت عریانش، با تاریک ترین زوایای انسانیت. مارلو می گوید: چیزی که مرا به وحشت انداخت، این بود که این بومی ها با تمام رسوم وحشت انگیزشان، آدمخواری شان، آوازهای رعب انگیزشان، رقص های جنون آمیزشان، انسان بودند، ما بودیم. همان انسانی که اروپا با کت و شلوار و یقۀ آهار زده می کوشد از یادش ببرد.
در رمان خصوصیات مختلفی برای آفریقا شمرده می شود: تاریک بودن (در عین حضور دائم آفتاب سوزان)، بی زمان بودن، اساطیری بودن، دست نایافتنی بودن. این خصوصیات هر چه بیشتر مرا مطمئن می کرد که سفر مارلو از اروپا به قلب تاریک آفریقا (که خود آن را «زیارت» و «سلوک» می نامد) سفری است به اعماق تاریک، اساطیری و بی زمانِ ضمیر انسانی، برای یافتن باطنی ترین صورت انسانی: کورتز.
رمان به سال ۱۸۹۹ نوشته شده، یعنی سال ها پیش از یونگ.

۳. کورتز، آن انسان
کورتز، گمشده در اعماق تاریک جنگل ها، هدف «سلوک» مارلو است. مارلو بی آن که کورتز را دیده باشد مجذوب اوست، و سفرش نه برای تهیۀ عاج، که برای دیدن این انسان است.
اروپاییان (گورهای سفیدشده) تا وقتی نمی دانند کورتز عاج ها را از چه راهی تهیه می کند، از او با تحسین و اعجاب یاد می کنند: منشأ عظیم انرژی، منشأ خستگی ناپذیر ثروت. همه قطع دارند که وقتی کورتز به اروپا برگردد، به مقامی بالا خواهد رسید. خبر ندارند که رسیدن به ثروتی غیرعادی با روش های عادی اروپایی میسر نیست، که اگر بود اروپاییان دیگر هم می توانستند این اندازه عاج تهیه کنند. به محض این که نمایندۀ اروپاییان با کورتز مواجه می شود، قرارگاه او را می بیند، سرهای بریده ای که به تیرک زده، خونریزی های وحشیانه اش، پرستندگان بومی که به دور او می رقصند و به درگاهش نیایش می کنند، به محض این که «آن انسان» را می بیند، فوری با وحشت و نفرت برکنارش می کند (بخوانید: سرکوبش می کند).
کورتز در اعماق گمشدۀ تاریکی جای دارد، جایی که اروپاییان هیچ از آن خبر ندارند و هیچ اروپایی (به غیر از سالک داستان: مارلو) قدم به آن جا نگذاشته. کورتز منشأ ثروت (عاج) بی نهایت برای اروپاییان است. و کورتز خدای اساطیری سیاهپوستان است: خدای خشم و جنون. همین ها به نظرم کافی است که کورتز را همردیف چیزی بدانیم که یونگ بعدها «سایه» نامید. هر چند نباید در این قیاس زیادی پیش برویم. زمان نوشته شدن رمان این مفهوم وجود نداشت و توصیفات کنراد از کورتز، شاید دقیقاً منطبق با سایۀ یونگی نباشد.

۴. مارلو، کسی که به روشنایی دست یافته
مارلو سالک است. خود سفر خود را «زیارت» می خواند. از ظاهری ترین و اخلاقی ترین سطح زندگی (اروپا) به عمیق ترین سطح آن (دل آفریقا) سفر می کند، تا با جنبه ای دیگر، جنبه ای وحشی و مهارناپذیر و اساطیری از ضمیر انسان رو به رو شود.
او اروپایی نیست: بر خلاف اروپاییان او مجذوب کورتز است.
او کورتز هم نیست: بر خلاف کورتز او از اروپا می آید و به اروپا بر می گردد.
اما او سالکی است که این دو جنبۀ زندگی را درک می کند. از سطح به عمق می رود و باز می گردد. هر چند در بازگشت دیگر همانی نیست که رفته. دیگر چیزی بیشتر از زندگی می داند، و اروپاییان برایش تحمل ناپذیر می شوند.
دریانوردانی که سال ها بعد او را بر رود تایمز می بینند، او را به «بودا» تشبیه می کنند: آن که به روشنایی دست یافته.
April 17,2025
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I re-read this for the first time since high school in preparation for teaching it to my own class of high schoolers for the first time. All I had taken with me from my first read was a general impression of "the horror, the horror!" that I think everyone leaves with- that sense, that feeling that pulls you back in just thinking about the book. I felt it again while reading the second time, too. This book is truly a black hole with a powerful gravity well that can suck you right in and pull you along with its tide in one gulp if you let it.

But this time I will also take more away from it than that. It's also a fantastic feat of writing craft that I couldn't really get the perspective to appreciate the first time around* (his ability to induce that terror was so effective), it's got a sense of horribly dark gallows humor at times, there's hints of the type of existentialism and fatalism seen in the reaction to modernization/industrialization all over literature, the sort of thing that lead to the cheering crowds, the eager volunteers that greeted the declarations of the start of WWI (a reminder to never, ever, take a classic out of the context of its time, however much it might transcend it).

In the end, this thing is a ghost story. I never realized it before- but that's exactly what it is. Its basic form and structure, it's manner of telling, the descriptions- it's Turn of the Screw, but Dickensian in its sense of *what* terrifying is, the substance of it. The beast stares also into you, personified.

*It makes total sense to me that Virginia Woolf was an admirer of his, which I just found out she was. I suppose that doesn't make sense on first glance, but sit with it for a minute, and it makes all the sense in the world. I must find her essay on him.**
**Although its possible he wouldn't have been of hers. I gotta say, the continuous misogyny/idealization of "pure" women was just a stunning lapse throughout the book that is perhaps even more illustrative of what goes on here than anything.
April 17,2025
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So there's this woman--wait a minute, are you telling me you plan to start your review with 'so there's this woman?' Which woman? Try again.

So there's this steamer--that's better. This steamer, in Africa, and there's this man. He comes and rescues this woman after--there you go again with this woman. Which woman? You know, the one played by that actress, in the movie. She and the man take the steamer down the river, and he doesn't like her and she doesn't like him, and then they fall in love--hold on a minute. What movie are you talking about? The African Queen, with Katharine Hepburn. Isn't that the adaptation? I think you had better shut up now, and perhaps stick to the movies.
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