Che Guevara was born into an aristocratic family in Argentina that later fell on hard times. His birth was marked by a fortuitous coincidence as, in the same hour of Che's birth, a striking dockworker in the town died from gunshot wounds. Anderson provides an in-depth look at the revolutionary's childhood. He was very attached to his mother, Celia, who shared many of his bold features and suffered from chronic asthma. Che was reckless and full of energy. Once, he deftly crossed a yawning chasm by balancing himself on a narrow beam laid across it. However, his teenage years were not characterized by any heroic deeds. He exhibited a paradoxical behavior of making radical-sounding declarations while showing complete apathy towards political activism. Guevara's home was a place where his mother welcomed all kinds of people and was always ready to share meals with them. As a result, Che grew up to be inquisitive, nonconformist, and with a longing for adventure. After graduating from medical school, he explored the South American countryside on a motorcycle with a friend. They visited many countries, and it was Dr. Hugo Pesce, a leprologist in Lima, who influenced a change in Che's attitude towards life and society by drawing him closer to Marxism. For Che, politics was a means of effecting social change, and it was social change, not power itself, that he craved, unlike Castro. While in Mexico, he established contact with Cuban rebels fighting the Batista regime under Fidel Castro. A mutual respect developed between the two men, and soon Che joined the guerilla force that embarked on a fight against the regime. Part 1 of the book neatly covers this period in Che's life.
Post-war Latin America was a fertile ground for revolution, with a lethal combination of large landowners, unpopular and bullying authorities, domination by the clergy, a lack of effective laws, and the economic predominance of foreign corporate monopolies. To make matters worse, all of Latin America, except Brazil, was culturally unified by the Spanish language – the lingua franca. Revolutionaries operated on a continental scale, and the Cuban revolutionary struggle was aided and abetted by people of other nationalities. Anderson makes it clear that Fidel Castro and most of his revolutionary comrades were not communists even long after the revolution was successfully launched by the Cuban people. During military operations, Castro maintained a respectful distance from the Cuban Communist Party, and the open association between Che and his brother Raul with the communists often made his position uncomfortable for all involved. Che believed that war was the ideal situation for achieving a socialist victory, or that socialism was the natural order of mankind and guerilla war was the chrysalis from which it would emerge. The United States was also not overly hostile to Castro's revolutionary struggle. When the Batista regime used tanks and B-26 bombers it had acquired from the US as part of its hemispheric defense program against the revolutionaries, the US opposed it and temporarily froze further military assistance. After the revolution ousted Batista and Castro assumed power, the US recognized the new government in Havana even before the USSR did.
This book描绘了古巴革命后建立的独裁制度所带来的破坏,这种制度的触角伸向各个领域,束缚了人民生活的方方面面。由于与苏联亲近并向其他拉丁美洲国家输出武装游击队,美国对古巴实施了严厉的制裁,降低了人民的生活水平。在卡斯特罗统治的早期,来访的苏联技术人员和顾问对哈瓦那街头可见的华丽小玩意和热情外向的氛围感到眼花缭乱。然而,随着共产主义逐渐收紧其致命的控制,所有这些都消失了,古巴人陷入了与苏联人相同的境地,为了获得基本食品不得不排长队,媒体也受到严格审查。Che建立了一个清洗委员会,以清除国家中的革命叛徒。数百人被捕,经过几分钟的简易审判后,被行刑队处决。菲德尔·卡斯特罗永远排除了选举的可能性,并指定他的兄弟劳尔为他的继任者。他的亲信们高呼“革命是,选举否”。所有报纸要么被国家接管,要么被关闭。Che设想了叛军军队的先锋作用,忽视了城市工人和传统的共产党组织。他对农村游击战争和土地革命的有力倡导在苏联眼中背叛了“异端”的毛泽东主义影响。最终,Che Guevara成为了卡斯特罗的负担,因为卡斯特罗希望在20世纪60年代初出现的中苏共产主义分歧中安抚苏联。
Che在古巴政府的任职并没有表现出任何非凡的才能或天赋。他担任工业部长,但他的独裁政策阻碍了国家的发展。随着时间的推移,他在古巴似乎变得厌倦,渴望在其他地方寻找新的冒险。他对苏联的直言不讳的批评使他的处境对卡斯特罗来说变得困难。尽管作者坚称两人从未公开决裂,但Che决定在古巴生活六年后领导刚果的游击运动,这对卡斯特罗来说是一种解脱。然而,刚果不是古巴,他在那里几乎没有得到农民和当地战士的支持。此外,与巴蒂斯塔时代的古巴不同,刚果没有像卡斯特罗那样有能力的领导人。经过几个月的徒劳战斗,他转移到玻利维亚,计划将其变成阿根廷革命的跳板。然而,Che在刚果面临的问题也跟随他来到了玻利维亚。但这一次,玻利维亚军队比非洲混乱的雇佣军部队更难对付。Che最终被逼入绝境,向他的敌人投降。安德森说,Che在被捕时对着拿枪指着他的军队士兵喊道:“别开枪。我是Che Guevara。我活着对你们更有价值”(第733页)。如果这是真的,这种懦弱给一个曾派遣数百名年轻战士上战场并要求他们绝不活着回来的游击队领导人带来了持久的耻辱。Che自己并不反对杀害被俘的敌人或军事法庭审判的同志。作为一名医生,他可以像他在一次此类事件的日记中所描述的那样,以临床的精确和高超的技巧执行处决:“这种情况对人们和尤蒂米奥来说都很不舒服,所以我用一把0.32口径的手枪在他的右脑打了一枪,子弹从右颞叶穿出。他喘息了一会儿就死了”(第237页)。令人作呕的是,Guevara对人类痛苦的冷漠,因为我们在日记的第二天看到他对一个加入游击队的非常漂亮的女孩的记录是:“她是这个运动的忠实崇拜者,在我看来,她最想做的就是f***”(第238页)。令人震惊的是,这样一个强硬的人竟然温顺地向他的敌人投降并乞求生命!
作者展现了这位伟大革命家生活的各个方面。这本书篇幅巨大,几乎涵盖了关于Che Guevara生活的所有内容。作者是美国人,但这本书写得非常客观。Che生活的各个方面都经过了审视,确实有一些关于他性生活的段落可能会让他的粉丝感到有点不舒服。但安德森对他的英雄非常公正,明确指出他的性饥渴只持续到他结婚(他结过两次婚),此后他一直坚定不移地忠诚。Che Guevara在私生活中非常严格,没有将政府资金用于他或家人的私人目的。有一次,他让他的妻子坐公共汽车带他们生病的女儿去医院,因为他的车只用于公务出行。Che的妻子经常不得不偷偷向他的保镖借钱,因为Che作为部长的工作几乎每天都要占用他二十个小时,但他的工资却很低。Che Guevara是一个彻头彻尾的革命者,他要求他的追随者绝对服从和坚定不移的勇气。他总是把人民、工人称为机器的零部件,是一个庞大的革命农工综合体中的工蚁。他沉迷于暴力,将其作为实现平等政权的手段,并拒绝任何形式的选举。他倡导将仇恨作为斗争的一个要素;对敌人的无情仇恨,并将革命者转变为一个有效、暴力、诱人且冷酷的杀戮机器(第719页)。尽管他的性格中有这么多黑暗面,但安德森让读者对他在生命的最后时刻产生了同情。
这本书配有大量描绘Che生活的照片。“Che”这个称呼是在古巴根据阿根廷的习惯产生的,用“Che”——意思是“嘿,你”——作为一种问候形式。这本书包括一个很大的附录、全面的注释和一个值得称赞的索引。这本书篇幅巨大,有814页,而且字体很小。作者利用了大量的参考资料,包括一本迄今为止未出版的Che第二次旅行的日记,名为“Otra Vez”(再次),由他的遗孀Aleida March编辑并交出,她为了维护已故丈夫的形象,删除了日记中几个色情段落。
这本书强烈推荐。