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April 26,2025
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"If I were an antiquarian, I would have eyes only for old stuff, but I am a historian. Therefore, I love life"


An unfinished manuscript on various historiographical concerns written by the author before he was captured and killed in WW2. Reading that at the start potentially primed me but I think you can really feel the context of where the book was written throughout. The references to the war are definitely more striking.

Really interesting read as I work on my vaguely causality centred research on the industrial revolution, couple of thoughts stood out to me including "He who has not lived among scholars does not realize how loath they ordinarily are to admit the innocence of a coincidence"
April 26,2025
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This book offers a reflection on some fundamental aspects of the historical profession, with valuable insights. But it is rather unsystematic, and clearly unfinished. Especially his assertion that sources, or traces as he calls them, are more useful as indirect witnesses, namely to extract things out of them there that were not intended by the witness, is a bit too extreme. This is true in the field of mental history (histoire des mentalités), but it neglects a very wide domain of the historical métier.

Occasionally there was a surprising insight, as for example the statement that there is only a gradual difference in the investigation of the far past and that of the recent past, because also the present is sometimes only very imperfectly knowledgeable, through lack of testimonials and communication flaws, so that even a reconstruction of very recent facts can only be but imperfect.
April 26,2025
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作者布洛克(Marc Bloch),生於西元1886年,卒於西元1944年。為歐洲中古史權威、法國史學「年鑑學派」創始人之一。 父親古斯塔夫‧布洛克,為巴黎大學羅馬史教授,家學淵源深厚。就讀於高等師範學院(Ecole Normale Superieure),進修地理與歷史。後於1908年赴德深造,於萊比錫大學與柏林大學聽課一年。回國後即擔任蒂爾基金會(Thiers Foundation)史學研究員。布洛克曾先後應法國政府徵召,參與兩次世界大戰。1943年,德軍南下控制全法,他加入地下反抗組織。1944年春為納粹所捕,同年6月16日遭納粹槍決,享年58歲。

布洛克曾任史特拉斯堡大學歐洲中古史教授與巴黎大學經濟史講座。在史特拉斯堡大學擔任教授任內,由於不滿當時史學家劃地自限的作風,以及流於煩瑣考證的史料學與制度史的研究,故與費夫爾(L. Febvre)等人創辦了《經濟社會史年鑑》,影響後世史學甚大。著有《法國農村史》、《封建社會》、《不可思議之潰敗》、《史家的技藝》等書。

與本書相關的著作,包括了以下作品:
彼得‧柏克(Peter Burke)著,《法國史學革命:年鑑學派 1929-89》,江政寬譯,台北:麥田出版公司,1997。
姚蒙,《法國當代史學主流──從年鑑派到新史學》,台北:遠流出版公司,1997。
張廣智、陳新,《年鑑學派》,台北:揚智文化,1999。
杜維運,《史學方法論》,台北:三民書局,1997。
蔡石山,《西洋史學史》,台北:茂昌圖書公司,1998。

本書自緒論以下,共分為五章:

第一章t歷史、人與時間
第二章t歷史觀察
第三章t歷史考證
第四章t歷史分析
第五章t因果關係

(一)緒論

本書從作者的愛子與其從軍時的一位戰友的一個共同疑問──「歷史有什麼用」開始談起。這牽涉到的是歷史學要作為一門知識,其正當性的問題。

從歷史的價值來說,它也許對於其愛好者是有意義的。因為它能夠為他們帶來樂趣。然而假若歷史只是一種有趣的消遣方式,它是否值得我們如此大費周章的追求其真實、洞察其背後隱藏的原因,以及解決隨之而來的困難呢?如果說史學的目的僅只於娛樂,那麼這種對於時間與精力的大量浪費,將成為不值得推廣歷史工作的理由。

在此,作者為歷史作為一門知識的正當性做了一番辯護與說明。他認為即使歷史對人的物質生活或政治需求永遠沒有什麼貢獻,但它對於人的充分發展是不可或缺的。歷史能夠指出在未來可期望的改進。即使它在發展的現階段不可避免地要滲入相當份量的個人見解。

受到孔德學派的影響,19世紀中期後的學者普遍認為,一門可靠的學科,若不能直接而無可置疑的顯示其可導出具普遍應用性公式,則無法存在。然而當這種理念應用到歷史研究上時,由於各個歷史學者氣質的不同,產生了兩種相當不同的學派。一派相信,建立一門符合所有科學理想之人類演進的科學是可行的,並為此理想全力以赴。而這是受到涂爾幹所創立之社會學派所產生的影響。另一派則認為歷史無法作為嚴謹的物理科學來處理,加以這些史學研究者早期所受之資料批判的訓練,傾向視歷史為一種美學遊戲,而非一門真正的科學。作者認為後者對史學研究造成很大的傷害,因為他們從否認歷史的可能發展中去尋找歷史的本質。

在此,作者自述本書的性質為:「這只是一本屬於一個喜歡反省日常工作的藝匠的備忘錄,一本屬於長久使用尺及水平儀──而不敢想望自己是個數學家──的職工的記事本。」

(二)歷史、人與時間

作者對歷史的定義為:「在時間中的人的科學」。提出我們必須對「歷史」一詞保留最為廣義的解釋,這是由於定義過於細瑣精密,不僅會限制這門尚未定型的科學,且只會帶來更多的禁制。歷史學家要設法釐清與劃定的,該是如何選擇其工具所運使的獨特領域。

作者認為「過去」若未經過事先的蒸餾,是無法使那些現象成為理性知識之內涵的。歷史學家並非對所有過去發生的現象都需加以介入,而這當中的標準則繫於「人」的因素之出現與否。且這裡的人是多數的人(men),並且是在時間中的人。

作者不認為歷史學家應該著眼於起源的研究上,因為這個詞彙含混不清。起源究竟是指原因還是事件的開端?前者是歷史探索工作中必定會碰到的問題,後者則正是造成混淆的所在。對起源研究的崇拜,使得歷史學者成為古物研究學者,而只有社會學家、經濟學家等人,才是活人的研究者。

作者認為將人類的演進過程視為一系列短暫而猛烈之跳動的假設是一種很大的謬誤,因為這種假設完全忽略了社會的慣性與惰性。時代之間是具有凝結性的。也因此要想對過去有所了解,必須要對現代的事物有所認識。史家可從日常生活中的經驗,汲取出重建過去的要素。

歷史研究是不容許閉關自守的,因為唯一的歷史是人類全體的歷史,經由各種學科的輔助,歷史研究才能夠進步。

(三)歷史觀察

作者認為在歷史觀察上,研究遠古和研究晚近,並沒有方法上的差別,因為事實上在歷史研究中,限於時代、人類的感官與注意力的侷限,所用的大部份資料必須從別人處取得。不過,作者也提到歷史學者應該設法廣泛徵引各種資料,不僅僅是文獻的引用,舉凡器物、考古資料等,都是相當好的資料。不過作者更強調的是,對史料進行反覆檢證的工夫。只有透過這種工夫,史家才算是真正使用了這些資料。

歷史學家的論述,在透過不同性質的資料研究後將更為鞏固。然而一個歷史學家要想利用愈多不同性質的資料,他本身所需具備的能力或知識便愈多,而這通常是很難達成的一個理想。故作者在此提出以不同的學者分別運用各種技術來治史,將有助於某一專門題材的研究開展。

證據的收集對史家來說,無異是最困難的一件事。因為決定證據之存在與取得難易的情況,與一般的歷史力量有關,但卻與其研究對象毫無關連。故證據可能在未經選擇的情況下,因不可抗力之因素遭到損毀。但這些因素是史家可以設法去預測的,故並毋需為此而感到挫折。

(四)歷史考證

作者認為,歷史考證這項工作對歷史學來說,是個很重要的工作。然而他也提到,缺乏更高層次的技術性考證工作,只能在無意義的問題上打轉。歷史考證所要追索的,是詐欺背後的詐欺者。也就是歷史學所研究的對象──人。

證據的扭曲本身並非不具意義,它可能反映了當時社會中的某種集體記憶,其傳佈有其社會條件。這對於認識事件背後隱含的真相,是有所助益的。當然,證據的不真實也有可能來自於惡意的欺騙或無意的筆誤,其真實性並不能從或然率上來判定,必須從比較方法與對當時社會脈絡的了解來入手。

歷史考證不該只是歷史學者的輔助研究工具,在今日充斥謠言與欺騙的社會中,歷史學的批判考證方式,更應該成為歷史教育的一部份。

(五)歷史分析

歷史學家被勸導在事實前抽離自己,這樣的說法事實上是消極的。史家應該要注重對事實的分析,而非評價。除非這樣的評價是伴隨著分析之後而來的。而要對事實進行分析,便需對事實有所了解。因此,毋寧說「了解」是史學研究的目標。

為求了解,歷史學者不可避免的要對事實進行選擇與分類。因為有關人類的任一現象,在根本上是與相似現象息息相關的。根據不同種類而分類只不過是為了要突顯力量的主要運作脈絡。因此如何進行適切的分類,成為史家所要追求的目標。然而,雖說由於分類之故,導致各種專史研究的出現,但是一個史家需注意的是,各部份的研究總是有所連結的,而這個連結本身就是歷史的真實。片斷的知識只有透過分析→再整合的過程,才可能對歷史的整體面有所了解。

另外,史家在分類中,對於「命名」的課題必須審慎。無論是使用過去或現今的詞彙來對應其所要指涉的事實,都必須將它放在事實發生當時的脈絡與背景下,且必須考慮到歷史本身的可了解性。而這正是史家首要的任務。

歷史研究和人類、時間息息相關,而人類的時間具有伸縮性,故只有維持這種伸縮性,對歷史的分類才有可能符合事實的真正輪廓。

(六)因果關係

歷史學家基於人類心靈運作的一般法則,不免會處理有關歷史事件的因果問題。因果關係即便被視為是獲得歷史知識的工具,仍然需要史家的批判性處理才能獲得。在歷史事件中,某些具有相當程度之恆久性者,可稱之為「形勢」。而在眾多發生的原因中,具有較大特殊性,似乎也是最容易避免者,才是史家所要研究的對象。

然而在針對因果關係進行解釋時,有可能導致解釋錯誤之因並不在於解釋本身,而是先驗地接受任一解釋。任何的假說被提出,要形成歷史解釋,必須經過證實的手續。簡言之,在歷史研究中,一如在其他地方,原因是不能事先設定的。我們得去尋找……。

在結構上,本書的開頭由康樂所執筆的導言中提到,《史家的技藝》是一部未完成的作品。布洛克原先要寫的共有七章,分別是:

1.t歷史知識:過去與現在
2.t歷史觀察
3.t歷史分析
4.t時間與歷史
5.t歷史經驗
6.t歷史解釋
7.t預測的問題

另外,在結論中布洛克準備探討「歷史在公民生活及教育中扮演的角色」,在附錄中討論有關「歷史教育」的問題。然而本書未及完成,布洛克即遭不幸,實令人不禁撫腕嘆息。

也因此,事實上本書從寫作形式的結構來,可說是不完整的。但是全書在精神與方法上的一貫,亦足以彌補了它在閱讀與了解可能發生的缺憾。加以原先設定卻未能完成的各章主題,在已完成的部份中,亦有所述及。所以若就內容的結構來說,本書已具有相當高的完成度了。

在內容上,正如布洛克在本書中題獻給費夫爾的獻辭中所言:「長期以來,我們曾共同致力於拓寬歷史學的領域,為了使歷史學更富有人性而共同努力。」這句話,可說道盡了布洛克畢生的志業。

然而布洛克在親身經歷了兩次幾乎將人類文明摧折殆盡的世界大戰後,面對他的愛子與戰友對歷史功能的質疑,以史學研究為終身志業的他,其內心對於歷史之功能與價值之懷疑所受的煎熬,想必是極為痛楚與矛盾的。不過,布洛克仍然對他所深愛的歷史抱持著正面肯定的態度,從本書的法文原名為《為歷史學辯護》(Apologie pour l’Historie)這個現象來看,可以說這本書就是他對一切對於歷史有所質疑之問題的回答。

布洛克認為,歷史是一門正在發展中,研究在時間中之人(men)的科學。而它對於人的充分發展是不可或缺的。且歷史能夠指出人類在未來可期望的改進。即使它在發展的現階段不可避免地要滲入相當份量的個人見解。這是本書中布洛克針對歷史之功能與價值何在的問題,所做之最有代表性的回答。在這個回答當中指出,歷史是具有內在功能(促進人的充分發展)與外在功能(指導人類未來可期望的改進)的一門科學。雖然我自己也認同布洛克的想法,但是歷史若是作為一門科學,那麼它應當屬於人文科學,而非自然科學。而所有的人文科學,無非是期望建立一套通則或模型,以解釋所有與該研究主題相關的現象為理想。而歷史以過去為其實驗室,但是看來相似的歷史現象,其內涵之歧異性之大,往往是超乎史家的想像,而不足以做廣泛推論(例如歐洲各國、日本、中國的封建制度)。正因為面臨這樣的困境,再加上研究資料的先天限制,使得史學研究想要獲得一般性的通則或模型,實為一困難之事(事實上所有的人文科學都會面臨這樣的窘境,只是相形之下,歷史學要困難許多)。因此我認為,史學這門性格特殊的科學,不應執著於一般人文科學的理想──建立通則或模型──之上。事實上,透過單一歷史現象的分析與多種類似歷史現象的比較,更能夠加深我們對各歷史現象的認識。加上歷史學屬性上的特殊,使得史學研究者和其他人文科學的研究者比較起來,能夠更為自由地對各學科的研究方法與方法論加以採借,而不必擔心會有所衝突。歷史學這門科學,若能善加利用自身研究上的優勢,專注於能使人對歷史現象有更深入認識的研究上,相信其貢獻並不會比任何一門試圖建立通則或模型的其他人文科學遜色。

在布洛克針對當時史學界對於起源研究的「偶像崇拜」之批評上,我自己亦有同感。例如在討論民族起源時,會發現其中有太多的技術問題有待解決:譬如說,一個民族的起源究竟要追到多久以前才算數?且一個民族、一種文化之形成,由於人們之間的互動,其起源常常是多元的。而各種文化元素之間,其失卻的連結(missing links)又受限於史料之不足,使得研究者所下之結論常常可能會面臨過於大膽而缺乏證據支撐的窘境。在閱讀相關論述時,除了對這樣的情況感到不滿意以外,自己也在思索究竟民族史應該走何種研究取向的問題。有一種可能是將今日之民族誌與過去之民族史的研究做一有機之結合,亦即以過去民族史資料中所顯示之歷史文化現象與今日民族誌中之現象相似者,進行比較分析,試圖求其共同內涵與相異之處,所得到之收穫與之前的「想像的民族史」或許亦能有其獨特之價值。在設法跳脫民族史做為起源偶像崇拜的思考上,布洛克的主張給我的啟發實為良多。

布洛克認為唯一的歷史是人類全體的歷史,對於他所提出這種所謂「整體史」(total history)的概念,事實上在過去的史家,已不乏人秉此概念以治史。西方「歷史之父」希羅多德(Herodotus)即已利用此一概念治史,其著作中對於希臘、小亞細亞、埃及、利比亞等地的歷史、地理、風土民情、政治生活等情況,亦旁及哲學、文藝、科技、宗教等部份。雖然他自己並未清楚的意識到他正在使用「整體史」的概念,同時其描述亦缺乏系統。不過此一概念,後來由18世紀啟蒙運動時期的大師伏爾泰(Voltaire)所繼承,並得到發揚。因此可以說布洛克在這裡所提出的「整體史」概念,是有其所本的。不過布洛克身處的19世紀末,當時事件導向式的歷史研究正大行其道,布洛克與費夫爾等人有這樣的氣魄,大力宣揚「整體史」的概念,從邊緣向當時的史學研究中心開砲。他們所獲致的成功,以及使此一概念對後世史學產生長久的影響,其貢獻不可說不大。

從本書中,我們可以看得出來,布洛克本身受涂爾幹(E. Durkheim)的影響很大。書中,從他所使用的「群體心理」、「集體記憶」、「集體意識」等等名詞來看,他的研究,與其說是歷史學,不如說是社會學也許更能夠切合某一部份的事實。當然,這從他交遊的學者中,有涂爾幹的學生阿爾布瓦什(Maurice Halbwachs),也可看出一些端倪。然而,在這樣的現象中,我們可以發現,布洛克認為必須要透過各種學科的輔助,歷史研究才能夠進步的想法,不僅僅只是本書主要的信念之一,它同時也是布洛克在從事歷史研究時所秉持的一個信念,它更是《年鑑》創辦的宗旨之一。因此我們可以說,布洛克在本書中為後世史學指出了一個大方向,即以社會科學治史的思考。這種思考開創了後世史學的一個新趨勢,舉凡經濟史、社會史、心理史等等,都受到了這種思考的影響。也可以說,這種「以社會科學治史」的思考與其「整體史」概念,是本書對於後世影響最為鉅大的兩個地方,也是布洛克對於後世史學最大的貢獻。

布洛克認為要了解過去,必須先了解現在。歷史學家必須從日常生活的經驗中取出有助於他重建過去的要素。這是因為布洛克承認「超越每個時代個人之獨特性的,的確有些共通的心靈狀態」 、「人類的現象一直是由一條跨越各時代的鎖鍊所連繫起來的」 等等這些概念所致。另外,布洛克在書中提到「在本質上,歷史的事實是心理的事實」這樣的一個概念。而綜合前面所見到的相關論述,我們可以說布洛克是一位心靈史論者,與後來的柯靈烏(R. G. Collingwood)等人有相似之處。不過,認為布洛克會有這樣的概念是基於他受到法國社會學家涂爾幹的影響所致。布洛克從社會的角度來觀察歷史,而涂爾幹又認為社會是社會成員心理之集體表徵,他自然不免會採用這類「社會是個人心靈的產物」 的概念。而這也與他認為歷史證據的檢證,所處理的是「心靈的真實」(psychic realities)這樣的概念若合符節。而布洛克其問題導向的歷史研究,可說便是奠基於此一概念之上。他的研究事實上已經跨越了過去歷史學對於特定事件的研究取向,而放眼於更長大之時間以及空間中所出現的現象之上。正是由於人類心靈上有著超越時代的共通性,加上歷史與社會本身又屬於心理的事實,才使得這樣的研究前提得以成立。而《封建社會》就是最好的例子。

最後,卡爾(E. H. Carr)在他的《歷史論集》(What is History?)中說道:「歷史是史家與其事實的一種持續的互動過程,是現在與過去之間無止盡的對話。」正如此言所道,布洛克站在現世,透過與過去歷史事實的互動當中,試圖找尋一條對話的管道,以增進對「歷史」本身的了解。由於他的英年早逝,沒能夠親眼目睹後世歷史研究的榮景,但是後世的史家從其思想中所獲得之啟發,其影響是深遠的。相信布洛克對史學的卓越貢獻,將會永銘於歷史與後世歷史學家的心中。

(1999.12.08)
April 26,2025
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Marc Bloch Fransa'yı kısa sürede işgal eden faşizminin kurbanıdır. Zaten O, açık bir şekilde bunu belirtir; "Generallerimiz Normandiya bahçelerinde otururken, çöken cephenin şaşkınlığı içindeydiler..." Fransız savunma hatları Almanlara karşı kağıttan siperler gibi yanmış, rüzgarla savrulup gitmişti, 1940'ın ilkyazında. Bloch ve diğer pek çok Fransız aydını önce yeraltına çekildiler, sonra vatanın içine düştüğü durumun kahrı içinde direnişe katıldılar. Marc Bloch kısa süre sonra yakalandı ve 1944 senesinde Gestapo tarafından kurşuna dizildi. Eserlerinin bir bölümünü yeraltında, bir bölümünü saklanırken, bir bölümünü esarette yazdı. Bazılarını tamamladı, bazıları yarım kaldı. Bu yorum yazmış olduğum başyapıtı da bunlardan biridir. 20. yüzyılında gördüğü en berrak zihinlerden biri ve tarihçilik mesleği için biz aziz olmasının yanında, memleketi için kafeste çırpınan bir arı kuşu gibi gösterdiği hamiyetperver duruş, onu tanıyan herkese örnek olmalı. Onunla aynı mesleği yaptığım için her zaman gurur duyacağım.

Giriş bölümünü yazarken aldığı bir notu burada paylaşmak uygun görünüyor:

"Belki bir özür daha eklemem yararlı olabilir; bugünkü hayat koşullarım, hiçbir büyük kütüphaneye erişememem, kendi kitaplarımı da kaybetmiş olmam nedeniyle fazlasıyla notlarıma ve birikimime dayanmak zorunda kaldım. Uygulamalarını betimlemeyi amaçladığım mesleğin yasalarının gerektirdiği tamamlayıcı okumaları, doğrulamaları yapma olanağından çoğunlukla yoksunum. Bir gün bu boşlukları tamamlama imkanı bulacak mıyım? Korkarım hiçbir zaman tam olarak bulamayacağım. Bu konuda elimden aman dilemekten başka bir şey gelmez; kaderin kusurlarını hak etmediğim ölçüde üstlenmek anlamına geleceğini bilmesen, "suçluyum" derdim."
April 26,2025
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amazing book. i wasn't that sure when i started it, a lot of my colleagues did not like it but to be honest i found it eye-opening and... familiar? at the same time. it both showed me many of the mistakes i was making while also talking about obstacles i had too encountered in my researches (though in a very smaller size. i am definitely not a historian yet, i have just started).

it can be a little difficult to understand if you have never actually practiced "the historian's craft", especially when he talks about little details of the job. on the other hand, some passages may sound obvious but they!! are!! not!! at the end i was always amazed. a true eye-opening experience, in my opinion.

some "popular historians" have never read this book and it shows lol
April 26,2025
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I'm an archivist with a history background who, once upon a time, had a very optimistic view of the power of the humanities and the arts to improve society. I believed that historical research skills could turn people into better citizens who would be capable of analyzing sources of information and seeing demagoguery for what it is. I thought that studying past failures, successes, and patterns could help us to make better social and political choices in the present. Above all, I believed that the empathy gained by the struggle to understand people and societies in the past could help us to understand other points of view in the present.

In the past few years, as our world has slid towards more and more authoritarianism and 'othering' and tribalism, I'll admit I've become quite disillusioned about the value of history education. I've watched someone I care about deeply and who influenced my own love of history slide into right-wing conspiracy theories and hate-filled views. If even this person, who has a background in history and was trained in critical thinking and research, can fall into such traps, how could I believe that history education can inoculate our world against bigotry or dictators?

If you've been in a similar crisis about the value of the humanities, I highly recommend that you read The Historian's Craft. Bloch won't offer you any new, earth-shattering answers to his central question, "What's the use of history?," but he will give you a clear, eloquent, humorous manifesto that will restore your belief in the historical enterprise and the fight for a "wider and more human history." If Bloch--a Jewish French Resistance fighter who wrote this book during the occupation of France and who was eventually murdered by the Nazis--could keep the faith in much darker times, how can you not feel compelled to believe in the value of history?

Bloch claims that he's "just" a craftsman discussing his trade and that he'll leave it to the reader to decide whether history has a use. However, his answer to why history matters is scattered throughout the book just below the surface. Again, many are the common-place answers that we all rattle off: it trains people to think about sources and their reliability, understanding the past can lead to action in the present, critical thinking, etc.

But how can you failed to be moved by calls to historians to be better at engaging with the public like the following? "The grim esoterism, in which even the best of us sometimes fall, the preponderance, in our current writing, of those dreary textbooks whose bad teaching-concepts have put in place of true synthesis, the curious modesty which, as soon as we are outside the study, seems to forbid us to express the honest gropings of our method before a profane public--all these bad habits, derived from an accumulation of contradictory prejudices, compromise the essential nobility of our cause. They conspire to surrender the mass of defenseless readers to the false brilliance of a bogus history, in which lack of seriousness, picturesque rubbish, and political prejudices are supposed to be redeemed by shameless self-assurance... A misunderstanding between historical inquiry, such as it is or hopes to be, and the reading public unquestionably does exist."

Again and again, Bloch calls for historians to not mask the "honest gropings of our method." He believed that if people knew the uncertainties of history and the disagreements among historians, if they really understood what critical analysis meant, they would actually feel more positively toward history and the notion of expertise. I hope he's right, and I hope I can find ways in my own archival work to make the behind-the-scenes world of archives and research more visible to the public.

The book has also given me a whole new appreciation for the Annales school in general. I knew the basics of their approach to history, of course, but I don't think I had ever read more than a few brief excerpts of Annales writing. Somehow I always assumed that it would be dry and full of statistics and social science. There are stats and social science, but Bloch, at least, is still an incredible writer. There's so many little dense gems of sentences in this book. It's worth savoring and re-reading passages as you go.
April 26,2025
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This is the best book on historiography that I've ever read. So good. I kept muttering "yes! yes!" to myself while reading.
April 26,2025
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Hauria de torna-lo a llegir amb més detall.
Sembla que ha quedat una mica enrere, però és interessant la forma de veure la història que té un dels pares de l'Escola dels Annales.
També és interessant veure el context del moment en el que l'escriu.
April 26,2025
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I really enjoyed this. Bloch positions history as something deeply human, urgent, and tied to our contemporary landscapes - it’s energetic and political. The text itself is part methodology part personal reflection or a ‘soul searching’ on the craft of history.

I liked his thoughts on the inter-disciplinary nature of history (to be a decent historian of enclosure you ought to know something about plant growth and land law alongside your political and social history). It’s totally at odds with specialisation; Bloch himself attended Durkheim’s lectures. He also gets stuck in on the use of history, and has a pop at the prestige of Rankean scientific history being a description of events ‘as they happened’ along the way. There’s a problem of impartiality here, but also the over stretched expectation that history can authentically reconstruct the past. Of course this is the Annales School in a nutshell, but it’s cool to read the founder.

Above all it’s just a real treat to read Bloch’s mediations on how (and why) historians go about accessing the past.
April 26,2025
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A great read especially for those who are setting out to studying history. Surprisingly leisurely speculations in view of the terrible circumstances in which it is written, which of course cause the curtailment of the text as the Nazis tortured and shot Bloch, who, according to eyewitnesses, held up heroically to the end, comforting his fellow captives even with the guns pointing at them.
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