"If I were an antiquarian, I would have eyes only for old stuff, but I am a historian. Therefore, I love life"
An unfinished manuscript on various historiographical concerns written by the author before he was captured and killed in WW2. Reading that at the start potentially primed me but I think you can really feel the context of where the book was written throughout. The references to the war are definitely more striking.
Really interesting read as I work on my vaguely causality centred research on the industrial revolution, couple of thoughts stood out to me including "He who has not lived among scholars does not realize how loath they ordinarily are to admit the innocence of a coincidence"
This book offers a reflection on some fundamental aspects of the historical profession, with valuable insights. But it is rather unsystematic, and clearly unfinished. Especially his assertion that sources, or traces as he calls them, are more useful as indirect witnesses, namely to extract things out of them there that were not intended by the witness, is a bit too extreme. This is true in the field of mental history (histoire des mentalités), but it neglects a very wide domain of the historical métier.
Occasionally there was a surprising insight, as for example the statement that there is only a gradual difference in the investigation of the far past and that of the recent past, because also the present is sometimes only very imperfectly knowledgeable, through lack of testimonials and communication flaws, so that even a reconstruction of very recent facts can only be but imperfect.
然而布洛克在親身經歷了兩次幾乎將人類文明摧折殆盡的世界大戰後,面對他的愛子與戰友對歷史功能的質疑,以史學研究為終身志業的他,其內心對於歷史之功能與價值之懷疑所受的煎熬,想必是極為痛楚與矛盾的。不過,布洛克仍然對他所深愛的歷史抱持著正面肯定的態度,從本書的法文原名為《為歷史學辯護》(Apologie pour l’Historie)這個現象來看,可以說這本書就是他對一切對於歷史有所質疑之問題的回答。
布洛克認為要了解過去,必須先了解現在。歷史學家必須從日常生活的經驗中取出有助於他重建過去的要素。這是因為布洛克承認「超越每個時代個人之獨特性的,的確有些共通的心靈狀態」 、「人類的現象一直是由一條跨越各時代的鎖鍊所連繫起來的」 等等這些概念所致。另外,布洛克在書中提到「在本質上,歷史的事實是心理的事實」這樣的一個概念。而綜合前面所見到的相關論述,我們可以說布洛克是一位心靈史論者,與後來的柯靈烏(R. G. Collingwood)等人有相似之處。不過,認為布洛克會有這樣的概念是基於他受到法國社會學家涂爾幹的影響所致。布洛克從社會的角度來觀察歷史,而涂爾幹又認為社會是社會成員心理之集體表徵,他自然不免會採用這類「社會是個人心靈的產物」 的概念。而這也與他認為歷史證據的檢證,所處理的是「心靈的真實」(psychic realities)這樣的概念若合符節。而布洛克其問題導向的歷史研究,可說便是奠基於此一概念之上。他的研究事實上已經跨越了過去歷史學對於特定事件的研究取向,而放眼於更長大之時間以及空間中所出現的現象之上。正是由於人類心靈上有著超越時代的共通性,加上歷史與社會本身又屬於心理的事實,才使得這樣的研究前提得以成立。而《封建社會》就是最好的例子。
最後,卡爾(E. H. Carr)在他的《歷史論集》(What is History?)中說道:「歷史是史家與其事實的一種持續的互動過程,是現在與過去之間無止盡的對話。」正如此言所道,布洛克站在現世,透過與過去歷史事實的互動當中,試圖找尋一條對話的管道,以增進對「歷史」本身的了解。由於他的英年早逝,沒能夠親眼目睹後世歷史研究的榮景,但是後世的史家從其思想中所獲得之啟發,其影響是深遠的。相信布洛克對史學的卓越貢獻,將會永銘於歷史與後世歷史學家的心中。
Marc Bloch Fransa'yı kısa sürede işgal eden faşizminin kurbanıdır. Zaten O, açık bir şekilde bunu belirtir; "Generallerimiz Normandiya bahçelerinde otururken, çöken cephenin şaşkınlığı içindeydiler..." Fransız savunma hatları Almanlara karşı kağıttan siperler gibi yanmış, rüzgarla savrulup gitmişti, 1940'ın ilkyazında. Bloch ve diğer pek çok Fransız aydını önce yeraltına çekildiler, sonra vatanın içine düştüğü durumun kahrı içinde direnişe katıldılar. Marc Bloch kısa süre sonra yakalandı ve 1944 senesinde Gestapo tarafından kurşuna dizildi. Eserlerinin bir bölümünü yeraltında, bir bölümünü saklanırken, bir bölümünü esarette yazdı. Bazılarını tamamladı, bazıları yarım kaldı. Bu yorum yazmış olduğum başyapıtı da bunlardan biridir. 20. yüzyılında gördüğü en berrak zihinlerden biri ve tarihçilik mesleği için biz aziz olmasının yanında, memleketi için kafeste çırpınan bir arı kuşu gibi gösterdiği hamiyetperver duruş, onu tanıyan herkese örnek olmalı. Onunla aynı mesleği yaptığım için her zaman gurur duyacağım.
Giriş bölümünü yazarken aldığı bir notu burada paylaşmak uygun görünüyor:
"Belki bir özür daha eklemem yararlı olabilir; bugünkü hayat koşullarım, hiçbir büyük kütüphaneye erişememem, kendi kitaplarımı da kaybetmiş olmam nedeniyle fazlasıyla notlarıma ve birikimime dayanmak zorunda kaldım. Uygulamalarını betimlemeyi amaçladığım mesleğin yasalarının gerektirdiği tamamlayıcı okumaları, doğrulamaları yapma olanağından çoğunlukla yoksunum. Bir gün bu boşlukları tamamlama imkanı bulacak mıyım? Korkarım hiçbir zaman tam olarak bulamayacağım. Bu konuda elimden aman dilemekten başka bir şey gelmez; kaderin kusurlarını hak etmediğim ölçüde üstlenmek anlamına geleceğini bilmesen, "suçluyum" derdim."
amazing book. i wasn't that sure when i started it, a lot of my colleagues did not like it but to be honest i found it eye-opening and... familiar? at the same time. it both showed me many of the mistakes i was making while also talking about obstacles i had too encountered in my researches (though in a very smaller size. i am definitely not a historian yet, i have just started).
it can be a little difficult to understand if you have never actually practiced "the historian's craft", especially when he talks about little details of the job. on the other hand, some passages may sound obvious but they!! are!! not!! at the end i was always amazed. a true eye-opening experience, in my opinion.
some "popular historians" have never read this book and it shows lol
I'm an archivist with a history background who, once upon a time, had a very optimistic view of the power of the humanities and the arts to improve society. I believed that historical research skills could turn people into better citizens who would be capable of analyzing sources of information and seeing demagoguery for what it is. I thought that studying past failures, successes, and patterns could help us to make better social and political choices in the present. Above all, I believed that the empathy gained by the struggle to understand people and societies in the past could help us to understand other points of view in the present.
In the past few years, as our world has slid towards more and more authoritarianism and 'othering' and tribalism, I'll admit I've become quite disillusioned about the value of history education. I've watched someone I care about deeply and who influenced my own love of history slide into right-wing conspiracy theories and hate-filled views. If even this person, who has a background in history and was trained in critical thinking and research, can fall into such traps, how could I believe that history education can inoculate our world against bigotry or dictators?
If you've been in a similar crisis about the value of the humanities, I highly recommend that you read The Historian's Craft. Bloch won't offer you any new, earth-shattering answers to his central question, "What's the use of history?," but he will give you a clear, eloquent, humorous manifesto that will restore your belief in the historical enterprise and the fight for a "wider and more human history." If Bloch--a Jewish French Resistance fighter who wrote this book during the occupation of France and who was eventually murdered by the Nazis--could keep the faith in much darker times, how can you not feel compelled to believe in the value of history?
Bloch claims that he's "just" a craftsman discussing his trade and that he'll leave it to the reader to decide whether history has a use. However, his answer to why history matters is scattered throughout the book just below the surface. Again, many are the common-place answers that we all rattle off: it trains people to think about sources and their reliability, understanding the past can lead to action in the present, critical thinking, etc.
But how can you failed to be moved by calls to historians to be better at engaging with the public like the following? "The grim esoterism, in which even the best of us sometimes fall, the preponderance, in our current writing, of those dreary textbooks whose bad teaching-concepts have put in place of true synthesis, the curious modesty which, as soon as we are outside the study, seems to forbid us to express the honest gropings of our method before a profane public--all these bad habits, derived from an accumulation of contradictory prejudices, compromise the essential nobility of our cause. They conspire to surrender the mass of defenseless readers to the false brilliance of a bogus history, in which lack of seriousness, picturesque rubbish, and political prejudices are supposed to be redeemed by shameless self-assurance... A misunderstanding between historical inquiry, such as it is or hopes to be, and the reading public unquestionably does exist."
Again and again, Bloch calls for historians to not mask the "honest gropings of our method." He believed that if people knew the uncertainties of history and the disagreements among historians, if they really understood what critical analysis meant, they would actually feel more positively toward history and the notion of expertise. I hope he's right, and I hope I can find ways in my own archival work to make the behind-the-scenes world of archives and research more visible to the public.
The book has also given me a whole new appreciation for the Annales school in general. I knew the basics of their approach to history, of course, but I don't think I had ever read more than a few brief excerpts of Annales writing. Somehow I always assumed that it would be dry and full of statistics and social science. There are stats and social science, but Bloch, at least, is still an incredible writer. There's so many little dense gems of sentences in this book. It's worth savoring and re-reading passages as you go.
Hauria de torna-lo a llegir amb més detall. Sembla que ha quedat una mica enrere, però és interessant la forma de veure la història que té un dels pares de l'Escola dels Annales. També és interessant veure el context del moment en el que l'escriu.
I really enjoyed this. Bloch positions history as something deeply human, urgent, and tied to our contemporary landscapes - it’s energetic and political. The text itself is part methodology part personal reflection or a ‘soul searching’ on the craft of history.
I liked his thoughts on the inter-disciplinary nature of history (to be a decent historian of enclosure you ought to know something about plant growth and land law alongside your political and social history). It’s totally at odds with specialisation; Bloch himself attended Durkheim’s lectures. He also gets stuck in on the use of history, and has a pop at the prestige of Rankean scientific history being a description of events ‘as they happened’ along the way. There’s a problem of impartiality here, but also the over stretched expectation that history can authentically reconstruct the past. Of course this is the Annales School in a nutshell, but it’s cool to read the founder.
Above all it’s just a real treat to read Bloch’s mediations on how (and why) historians go about accessing the past.
A great read especially for those who are setting out to studying history. Surprisingly leisurely speculations in view of the terrible circumstances in which it is written, which of course cause the curtailment of the text as the Nazis tortured and shot Bloch, who, according to eyewitnesses, held up heroically to the end, comforting his fellow captives even with the guns pointing at them.