A novel that delves deep into the themes of death and growing old, Philip Roth's "Everyman" (2006) can, paradoxically, be seen as a celebration of life. The title is borrowed from a 15th-century play, highlighting the inescapable fact that all who live must die. It is also the name of the small jewelry store that the father of the unnamed protagonist operated in Elizabeth, New Jersey, for over 40 years starting in 1933. The store was named thus to appeal to all potential customers in the town, regardless of their nationality, religion, or race. Roth's protagonist confronts the inevitable human condition, yet Roth crafts his character with great specificity.
The story commences at the end, with the funeral of the main character at the age of 71. The funeral takes place in an old, poorly maintained Jewish cemetery. Only a small number of mourners are present: the deceased's middle-aged daughter Nancy, his second ex-wife Phoebe, his two estranged sons from his first marriage, his older and highly successful brother Howie, a former nurse and mistress Maureen, and friends. The funeral serves as a springboard for reflection on the life of the deceased, on mortality, and on human fallibility.
The deceased and his brother Howie were the two sons of a small jewelry store owner and his wife. Both sons learned the value of hard work and what their father called "reliability." Outgoing, gifted, and physically healthy, Howie became an investment banker with a stable marriage. His younger brother, on the other hand, was much more sickly and introverted. Despite dreams of becoming an artist, he became the obedient son and pursued a successful career in advertising.
The "Everyman" hero had three wives and three divorces. He prided himself on his reliability and his mundanity, but he could not resist his sexual appetites. Of the three ex-wives, the second, Phoebe, was a woman he should have cherished. When the narrator loses her due to philandering, he condemns himself to a lonely and bitter old age. The protagonist also suffers from severe heart conditions that require repeated and painful surgeries, which Roth describes in detail.
After the opening scene, the book moves back and forth in time, from the protagonist's childhood through his marriages, career, and retirement, and the deaths of his mother and father. The story is not told chronologically but rather in a way that captures the protagonist's inner life. Roth provides a wealth of the protagonist's thoughts and reflections. Although the book is short, many of its scenes are extended dialogues between the protagonist and another person, which heighten the intensity of the book through the development of detail. For example, Roth portrays the long scene after the death of the protagonist's mother when his marriage to Phoebe ends due to his cheating and lying. Near the end of the book, there is a long discussion about grave digging and death in the old Jewish cemetery between the protagonist and the elderly gravedigger who had buried the hero's parents and will soon bury him. There is a Hamlet-like quality to the scene.
In reading this book, I was reminded of Buddhism and its Four Noble Truths, beginning with the truth of suffering and leading to the path of ending suffering. But that is not Roth's approach in this book. Showing the end of a flawed life, Roth's novel is dark but suggests that life is to be lived and treasured. The protagonist's understanding of life is encapsulated in a small motto that he frequently repeats to his faithful daughter, Nancy: "There's no remaking reality. Just take it as it comes. Hold your ground and take it as it comes."
Late in the book, as the protagonist meditates at his parents' graves, he receives some other advice. Telling his deceased mother that he is 71, he imagines her voice: "Good. You lived." And he imagines his father saying: "Look back and atone for what you can atone for, and make the best of what you have left." (p. 171) Both of these internalized comments significantly qualify the protagonist's earlier stated outlook on life.
"Everyman" is a serious and thoughtful work from Roth's own old age. It is valuable to revisit this book following Roth's (1933 -- May 22, 2018) own death. I read this novel in my early 60s, just beginning my retirement, and took the book personally. The book encouraged me to think about the anguish and inevitability of death in the process of cherishing life.
Robin Friedman