A collection of fragments is alleged to be the first novel in Western literature. It presents a farcical mixbag of daily life and cant, interspersed with poetry, parodies, and pastiches. Don't forget a liberal coating of saucy and nonsensical episodes. The feast at Trimalchio's is bound to make you giggle. :D
Le Satiricon enjoys the reputation of being the first novel in the history of Western literature. Its menu includes:
- Burlesque episodes.
- A healthy dose of strangeness for the eyes of 21st-century readers: at times, the Satiricon seems close to us, while at other times, without the critical apparatus and its notes, we lose our footing.
- A prose interspersed with short poems and gaps in the text, giving the impression of interludes in a pastoral novel.
- A salad of the sacred and the profane, of lofty thoughts and daily episodes, of chit-chat and comminatory discourses on contemporary values, of prose and poetry, of the marvelous and the buffoonish.
- Rumors, chit-chat, flatteries, discussions on contemporary values.
One episode stands out among the gaps: the feast at Trimalchio's. At Trimalchio's, it's a staging of every moment. Trimalchio, a former slave, is the prototype of the freedman who is fat, artificial, boastful, and an accomplished ham: '
"(...)And now Homer tells how the Trojans and the Achaeans make war. Naturally, it was Agamemnon who was victorious, and he married his daughter to Achilles. That's why Ajax is crazy, and right away, he'll give you the proof." After these words of Trimalchio, the Homerists let out a great cry, and in the midst of the servants running around everywhere, a boiled calf was served on a two-hundred-pound plate, and the calf had a helmet on its head. Ajax came behind and, drawing his sword, as if he were crazy, began to hack at the calf; then, after making passes with his weapon in all directions, he took the pieces on the point and, to our great wonder, distributed the meat to us.
We didn't have long to admire such beautiful feats of dexterity; for suddenly, the ceiling began to resonate and the entire dining room trembled. Seized with panic, I stood up, fearing that some acrobat might descend through the roof. No less astonished, the other guests raised their heads, waiting for the novelty that the sky announced to them. And behold, the chests suddenly opened and a large circle was seen descending, apparently removed from some enormous vat: all around were hung golden crowns with alabaster vases of perfume.
«El Satiricón» de Petronio es una novela atrevida y brillante de la época del emperador Nerón (ca 60 d.C.). Es una mezcla de sátira licenciosa y crónica de viajes, que alterna prosa y verso (prosimetrum). Su eje argumental es la relación entre un joven de pasado turbio, Encolpio, y un efebo, Gitón.
La novela comienza en medio de la acción debido a que 1.500 años de accidentada transmisión medieval nos han privado de la primera parte. La acción arranca en una "ciudad griega" cerca de Nápoles. Allí, Encolpio se escabulle a su maestro de retórica para buscar a su amigo Ascilto, que encuentra en un burdel. Después, vuelven a la posada donde espera Gitón, el amante de Encolpio.
Los amigos se pelean por Gitón, pero antes de separarse definitivamente, viven aventuras y asisten a una cena, la famosa "Cena de Trimalción". Esta cena, que ocupa un tercio de la novela, es un fresco magnífico de la sociedad romana. A partir de este momento, encontramos historias insertadas en la trama, como la del "hombre lobo" o el relato erótico del "Mancebo de Pérgamo".
En la tercera parte, Ascilto es sustituido por el poeta Eumolpo. Encolpio recupera a Gitón, secuestrado por Ancilto, y huyen con Eumolpo en un barco. La travesía termina en naufragio frente a Crotona, donde Encolpio vive una aventura amorosa con Circe. Sin embargo, Príamo castiga a Encolpio con impotencia.
«El Satiricón», a pesar de su narrativa fragmentaria, sorprende por su estilo dinámico, sátira fina y erotismo. Es una obra que nos permite "ver" cómo era la vida en los círculos marginales de la sociedad romana en una ciudad como Pompeya. He leído la obra principalmente en la edición de Lumen (1975), aunque he consultado otras ediciones críticas.
Deciding how to evaluate and interpret The Satyricon by Petronius is indeed a formidable challenge. The text we possess is fragmentary, with a significant portion being lost, damaged, or destroyed. Scholars remain uncertain about whether Petronius, a member of Emperor Nero's court, was truly the author. Perhaps this doesn't matter much as almost nothing is known about him. Antiquarian literature experts view it as satire, but if so, what does it reveal about Roman society? With such an incomplete text, our best bet is to draw some meager conclusions based on the little we have.
Although written in Rome, most of The Satyricon is set on the Greek peninsula of Peloponnesus. The narrative follows the wanderings of a criminal named Eumolpus and his younger boyfriend Giton. At first, they are accompanied by Ascyltus, but Eumolpus constantly fights with him for Giton's attention, and they eventually leave him behind. Soon after, they meet an older poet named Encolpius, who latches onto them as he also has eyes for Giton. Encolpius' poetry is poorly received, and his public recitations result in jeering and stone-throwing from the audiences.
Like a picaresque novel, The Satyricon focuses on the characters and the situations they encounter rather than an overarching plot. Its purpose is to展示不同方面 of Greek and Roman society. The situations begin with the three characters being abducted by a priestess of Priapus for an orgy, but unfortunately, the raunchy details are lost. Eumolpus and friends attend a lavish banquet at the villa of a rich man named Trimalchio, where the decadent setting serves as a backdrop for a discussion on whether Rome is suffering from a moral decline. This theme is later revisited when Eumolpus and Giton meet Encolpius for the first time. Later, they travel to Italy and stop in the morally corrupted village of Croton. Somehow, Eumolpus gets sidetracked and seduced by a beautiful and nubile woman of a higher class but is unable to perform, leading to the longest and most hilarious lament about a man facing his biggest fear ever committed to literature.
One complete and great story in this book is about a widow mourning in her husband's mausoleum. A soldier is stationed nearby, guarding three criminals being punished by crucifixion. After spending three days making love to the widow, he emerges to find one of the men missing from his cross. His solution to this dilemma is one of the funniest conclusions in the narrative. It's hard to tell if this was written as a mockery of the Christian myth regarding the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The details align well to give an alternate take on that tale, but The Satyricon was written around 100 AD, and the author was irreverent enough to pull off such a satire.
Overall, there isn't enough of the text to come up with grand interpretations of Petronius' intentions. The theme of moral decline is mentioned more than once, but the earthy humor overshadows any moral statement. The story of Eumolpus' inability to perform gets more attention than any in-depth examination of ethics. In terms of literary history, its style and tone predate classics like The Canterbury Tales, The Decameron, Voltaire's Candide, and the picaresque genre of the novel. The best way to read and interpret The Satyricon is to take it at face value. Like the Venus de Milo, the ancient Greek statue Nike, or the ruins at Ephesus, despite the missing pieces, we can still admire and appreciate what remains.
No tiene uno nada que objetar a las novelas de petardas. On the contrary, few books have entertained me as much as the contributions of Terenci Moix to the genre (especially his evergreen "La herida de la esfinge") or as the hilarious "Una mala noche la tiene cualquiera" by Mendicutti. The lasciviousness, the shamelessness, the lust, the ambiguity, and what in bad Spanish would be called the queerness, handled with intelligence and humor, can yield quite appreciable literary results.
No sabía que la obra decana del género era El Satiricón y, lo confieso, casi se me ha caído de las manos. The fragmentary and mutilated state of the text does not help to maintain the solidity of the work, but, beyond that, surely this type of novels is based on a humor that requires much more than a good translation to maintain its freshness. What must have been brazen and scandalous scenes for the readers of the time now are just oddities and extravagances without grace. And that residue of tenderness and vulnerability characteristic of the protagonists of these novels is not maintained either. That which makes them, in some way, endearing, despite the fact that their actions may be despicable and hateful.
An infinite time I have spent reading this text.
And I have had to read it twice. The first time the reading dragged on for almost a month. I read it with the entire preface and all the notes. The notes seem too many, really too verbose for an easy reading and, on the other hand, I imagine too hasty for a study - but here it seems to me that this is exactly what I have done: study.
Therefore, I have not enjoyed anything of Petronius' text and, when I closed the book, I realized that I had no memory of it, that I had not even enjoyed a small passage of that exquisite refinement. So I started again from the beginning and, in a couple of days, I read the agile text (be careful, I was able to understand it only thanks to the notes that I criticized a while ago).
What an effort!
Was it worth it? Ah, I don't know.
If I were Socrates, I would answer that at least, now, I have read it before dying, but I am not Socrates.
I have laughed, of course, I have admired the elegance of some verses (in translation, because I am ignorant), I have thought about the word "rhythm" while reading, and about its meaning, because I found myself really pressured by the events (here, however, the asterisks of the gaps help, if nothing else, this perception), but the effort remains.
I do not have sufficient tools to appreciate it as others do, ubi maior minor cessat.
But yes, but yes, I liked it, yes.
I think again of Circe's white arms and the reason for her anger, it is really funny.