ralph winston fox
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Thomas Mann
Paul Thomas Mann (6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955) was a German novelist, short story writer, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and the 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate. His highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas are noted for thei...
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Leo Tolstoy
Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (Russian: Лев Николаевич Толстой; most appropriately used Liev Tolstoy; commonly Leo Tolstoy in Anglophone countries) was a Russian writer who primarily wrote novels and short stories. Later in life, he also wrote plays and essays...
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Leon Trotsky
Leon Trotsky (1879 - 1940) was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and theorist, Soviet politician, and the founder and first leader of the Red Army.Trotsky was initially a supporter of the Menshevik Internationalists faction of the Russian Social Democratic ...
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Joseph Conrad
Joseph Conrad was a Polish-British novelist and story writer. He is regarded as one of the greatest writers in the English language and, although he did not speak English fluently until his twenties, he became a master prose stylist who brought a non-Engl...
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Bertolt Brecht
Bertolt Brecht (born Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht; 10 February 1898 – 14 August 1956) was a German poet, playwright, theatre director, and Marxist.A theatre practitioner of the 20th century, Brecht made contributions to dramaturgy and theatrical produc...
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James Joyce
James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (1882 – 1941) was an Irish novelist and poet, considered to be one of the most influential writers in the modernist avant-garde of the early 20th century. Joyce is best known for Ulysses (1922), a landmark work in which the ...
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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a German philosopher and an important figure of German idealism. He achieved wide renown in his day and, while primarily influential within the continental tradition of philosophy, has become increasingly influential in t...
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John Berger
John Peter Berger was an English art critic, novelist, painter and author. His novel G. won the 1972 Booker Prize, and his essay on art criticism Ways of Seeing, written as an accompaniment to a BBC series, is often used as a college text.Later he was sel...
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T.s. Eliot
T.S. Eliot (1888 - 1965) was an essayist, publisher, playwright, literary and social critic and "one of the twentieth centurys major poets." Eliot attracted widespread attention for his poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (1915), which is seen ...
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F.r. Leavis
Frank Raymond "F.R." Leavis CH (1895 – 1978) was an English literary critic of the early-to-mid-twentieth century. He taught for much of his career at Downing College, Cambridge, and later at the University of York.Leavis became a Cambridge institution. J...
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Honoré De Balzac
Honoré de Balzac (1799 - 1850) was a French novelist and playwright. His magnum opus was a sequence of short stories and novels collectively entitled La Comédie humaine, which presents a panorama of French life in the years after the 1815 fall of Napoleon...
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Walter Benjamin
Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin was a German Jewish philosopher, cultural critic, media theorist, and essayist. An eclectic thinker who combined elements of German idealism, Romanticism, Western Marxism, Jewish mysticism, and neo-Kantianism, Benjamin ma...
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Ernst Fischer
Ernst Fischer (July 3, 1899, Komotau, Bohemia - July 31, 1972, Deutschfeistritz), also known under the pseudonyms: "Peter Wieden", "Pierre Vidal", and "Der Miesmacher", was a Bohemia-born Austrian journalist, writer and politician. From 1934 to 1969 membe...
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Herbert Marcuse
Herbert Marcuse (July 19, 1898 – July 29, 1979) was a German philosopher, sociologist, and political theorist, associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory. Born in Berlin, Marcuse studied at the universities of Berlin and Freiburg. He was a pr...
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Raymond Williams
Raymond Henry Williams (1921 - 1988) was a Welsh Marxist theorist, academic, novelist and critic. He was an influential figure within the New Left and in wider culture. His writings on politics, culture, the mass media and literature made a significant co...
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Vladimir Mayakovsky
Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky (1893 – 1930) was a Russian Soviet poet, playwright, artist, and actor.During his early, pre-Revolution period leading into 1917, Mayakovsky became renowned as a prominent figure of the Russian Futurist movement, being am...
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Andrei Zhdanov
Andrei Alexandrovich Zhdanov (Russian: Андре́й Алекса́ндрович Жда́нов, IPA: [ɐnˈdrej ɐlʲɪˈksandrəvʲɪtɕ ˈʐdanəf]; 26 February [O.S. 14 February] 1896 – 31 August 1948) was a Soviet Communist Party leader and cultural ideologist. After World War II, Zhdanov...
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Louis Althusser
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Nikolay Chernyshevsky
Nikolay Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky (Russian: Никола́й Гаври́лович Черныше́вский) (July 12, 1828 – October 17, 1889) was a Russian revolutionary democrat, materialist philosopher, critic, and socialist (seen by some as a utopian socialist). He was the leade...
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Maxim Gorky
Alexei Maximovich Peshkov (1868 - 1936), primarily known as Maxim (Maksim) Gorky, was a Russian and Soviet writer, a founder of the Socialist Realism literary method and a political activist....
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Vissarion Belinsky
Vissarion Grigoryevich Belinsky (1811 - 1848) was a Russian literary critic of Westernizing tendency. Belinsky played one of the key roles in the career of poet and publisher Nikolay Nekrasov and his popular magazine Sovremennik. He was the most influenti...
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Lucien Goldmann
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Fredric Jameson
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Minna Kautsky
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György Lukács
György Lukács (1885 - 1971) was a Hungarian Marxist philosopher, literary historian, critic, and aesthetician of Jewish heritage. He was one of the founders of Western Marxism, an interpretive tradition that departed from the Marxist ideological orthodoxy...
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Pierre Macherey
Pierre Macherey (b. 1938) is a French Marxist philosopher and literary critic at the University of Lille Nord de France. A former student of Louis Althusser and collaborator on the influential volume Reading Capital, Macherey is a central figure in the de...
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Vsevolod Meyerhold
Vsevolod Emilyevich Meyerhold, born Karl Kasimir Theodor Meyerhold, ( 1874 - 1940) was a Russian and Soviet theatre director, actor and theatrical producer of German descent. His provocative experiments dealing with physical being and symbolism in an unco...
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Georgi Plekhanov
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Erwin Piscator
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Karl Radek
Karl Berngardovich Radek (October 31, 1885 – May 19, 1939) was a Marxist active in the Polish and German social democratic movements before World War I, and an international Communist leader in the Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution....
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Ian Watt
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Alick West
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Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1870 - 1924) was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He served as the leader of the Russian SFSR from 1917, and then concurrently as Premier of the Soviet Union from 1922, until his death. Political...
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Friedrich Engels
Friedrich Engels (1820 - 1895), was a German philosopher, critic of political economy, historian, political theorist and revolutionary socialist. He was also a businessman, journalist and political activist, whose father was an owner of large textile fact...
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Charles Dickens
Charles John Huffam Dickens (1812-1870) was a writer and social critic who created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lif...
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Karl Marx
Karl Marx (1818 - 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. Marxs work in economics laid the basis for the current understanding of labour and its relation to capital, and has influen...