The History of Sexuality #1

The History of Sexuality 1: The Will to Knowledge

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Libro usado en buenas condiciones, por su antiguedad podria contener señales normales de uso

168 pages, Paperback

First published November 17,1976

About the author

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Paul-Michel Foucault was a French philosopher, historian of ideas, writer, political activist, and literary critic. Foucault's theories primarily address the relationships between power and knowledge, and how they are used as a form of social control through societal institutions. Though often cited as a structuralist and postmodernist, Foucault rejected these labels. His thought has influenced academics, especially those working in communication studies, anthropology, psychology, sociology, criminology, cultural studies, literary theory, feminism, Marxism and critical theory.
Born in Poitiers, France, into an upper-middle-class family, Foucault was educated at the Lycée Henri-IV, at the École Normale Supérieure, where he developed an interest in philosophy and came under the influence of his tutors Jean Hyppolite and Louis Althusser, and at the University of Paris (Sorbonne), where he earned degrees in philosophy and psychology. After several years as a cultural diplomat abroad, he returned to France and published his first major book, The History of Madness (1961). After obtaining work between 1960 and 1966 at the University of Clermont-Ferrand, he produced The Birth of the Clinic (1963) and The Order of Things (1966), publications that displayed his increasing involvement with structuralism, from which he later distanced himself. These first three histories exemplified a historiographical technique Foucault was developing called "archaeology".
From 1966 to 1968, Foucault lectured at the University of Tunis before returning to France, where he became head of the philosophy department at the new experimental university of Paris VIII. Foucault subsequently published The Archaeology of Knowledge (1969). In 1970, Foucault was admitted to the Collège de France, a membership he retained until his death. He also became active in several left-wing groups involved in campaigns against racism and human rights abuses and for penal reform. Foucault later published Discipline and Punish (1975) and The History of Sexuality (1976), in which he developed archaeological and genealogical methods that emphasized the role that power plays in society.
Foucault died in Paris from complications of HIV/AIDS; he became the first public figure in France to die from complications of the disease. His partner Daniel Defert founded the AIDES charity in his memory.

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April 16,2025
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"In political thought and analysis, we still have not cut off the head of the king."
April 16,2025
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You ever met some idiot hippie who says something along the lines of "Western culture and modernity have just repressed our natural sexuality," and then wanted to take them to some village in rural Bangladesh or Laos and see how their "open sexuality" is received? Foucault saw that there was nothing innately "liberatory" in the expression of human sexual urges, and conversely, that society was not as "repressive" as was so often claimed by the Freudians and their followers. Foucault argues that this is not the case, and Foucault takes his genealogical method to the ways in which human sexuality was made a subject of study, and then classed, organized, and diagnosed. Pretty much classic Foucault, and while there were some flaws in method, I'm looking quite forward to Volume 2.
April 16,2025
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Membaca buku ini pas dengan momennya. Karena seperti kita ketahui bersama, beberapa minggu terakhir ini, kita bisa menyaksikan betapa kekuasaan mampu menggapai, menembus dan mengontrol individu sampai pada kenikmatan-kenikmatan yang paling intim. Tanpa perlu saya sebutkan siapa aktor individu tersebut, kita dipahamkan dari peristiwa ini, bahwa di seputar hubungan intim itu telah dibangun perlengkapan serta mesin untuk memproduksi kebenaran. Artinya seks ternyata bukan hanya masalah sensasi dengan kenikmatan, atau hukum dan larangan. Tetapi di dalam seks dipertaruhkan masalah benar dan salah.

Dalam buku ini, Foucault ingin menegaskan, seks mau dirumuskan menjadi suatu kebenaran yang perlu diatur. Maka perlu mencurigai bahwa di dalam seks ada rahasia penting karena masyarakat butuh produksi kebenaran. Maka seks harus masuk dalam rejim tatanan pengetahuan. Meskipun tidak mampu mengimajinasikan kenikmatan baru, setidaknya menemukan kenikmatan akan kebenaran kenikmatan. Dari wacana tentang seks bisa ditarik kesimpulan adanya kenikmatan untuk mengetahui, menemukan, tertarik melihat, mengatakan, mempercayakan rahasia dan menjebak kelicikan.

Ada konspirasi kekuasaan-pengetahuan sehingga kekuasaan menjangkau sampai pada perilaku yang paling individual dan intim. Di media tulis, seks selalu ada dan menjadi kolom yang tak terlewatkan. Kolom itu biasa diasuh oleh seorang pakar: dokter, psikolog, psikiater. Kehadiran pakar ini adalah ilustrasi betapa kekuasaan-pengetahuan merambah kehidupan paling intim subyek. Lalu kelihatan bahwa kekuasaan terhadap seks hanya bisa membuat larangan atau hanya bisa mengatakan tidak. Kekuasaan bisa mengambil bentuk instansi yang mengatur. Dalam hal ini, kekuasaan memberi peraturan, sah atau tidak, boleh atau dilarang. Dengan demikian, seks dipahami hanya dalam kerangka hukum. Kekuasaan membentuk lingkaran larangan sangat beragam, dari jangan berbicara; jangan mendekat; jangan menyentuh; sampai pada jangan melakukan. Tujuan lingkaran larangan ini ialah agar seks meninggalkan dirinya.

Foucault memberikan contoh, salah satu dimensi larangan adalah sensor. Logika sensor yang terpateri dalam larangan bisa mempunyai tiga bentuk, yaitu menyatakan tidak boleh; menghalangi jangan sampai dikatakan; menyangkal bahwa ada. Ketiga hal ini merupakan bentuk mekanisme sensor. Cara beroperasi sama di semua tingkat. Kekuasaan atas seks beroperasi dengan cara yang sama pada setiap tingkat, yaitu mereproduksi hukum, larangan dan sensor. Cara beroperasi ini berjalan secara sama baik di tingkat negara, keluarga, agama, penguasa, ayah, pengadilan atau semua instansi dominasi sosial. Jadi kekuasaan adalah banyaknya hubungan kekuatan yang melekat pada bidang di mana ia beroperasi; permainan melalui perjuangan dan bentrokan tanpa henti untuk mengubah, memperkuat dan membalikkan. Kekuasaan itu menyebar, ada di mana-mana.

Prosedur kebenaran, menurut Foucault, ialah cara bagaimana suatu praktik sosial mendapat legitimasi. Hanya prosedur itu sangat ditentukan oleh struktur pemaknaan suatu jaman dan konteks tertentu, yang pada gilirannya, menentukan cara berpikir, bertindak dan menilai. Dua prosedur untuk memproduksi kebenaran seks: pertama, ars erotica (Cina, Jepang, India, Roma, Arab-Islam); dan kedua, scientia sexualis (Barat). Dalam ars erotica, kebenaran digali dari kenikmatan itu sendiri sebagai praktik dan dikumpulkan sebagai pengalaman. Perspektif ini tidak dipahami dalam kerangka hukum (boleh-dilarang) atau criteria kegunaan. Seks dipahami dalam kenikmatan, intensitas, kualitas khas, keberlangsungan, pantulan dalam tubuh dan jiwa. Sedangkan, dalam scientia sexualis, yang dikembangkan adalah prosedur yang mengatur bentuk kekuasaan-pengetahuan. Kekuasaan pengetahuan ini mengurus masalah pengakuan. Ritus-ritus dibuat untuk memproduksi kebenaran (teknik pengakuan, prosedur penuduhan, interogasi, penghilangan bukti kesalahan, sumpah, duel, pengadilan Tuhan). Pengakuan dihargai sebagai sarana menghasilkan kebenaran.

So, Ariel, Luna, Tari, karena tubuh kalian, bangsa ini bergerak mundur lagi beberapa langkah. Hanya karena tubuh kalian. Sementara itu, ada ribuan tubuh di Sidoarjo yang terampas haknya karena luapan lumpur dari Lapindo yang sampai sekarang tidak tahu nasib akan membawa mereka kemana. Ribuan tubuh itu jauh dari riuh pemberitaan di media. Tapi hanya karena tubuh kalian, media mendulang untung yang luar biasa.

Saya sama sekali tidak menyalahkan tubuh kalian. Toh kalian melakukannya tanpa keadaan terpaksa. Abaikan kaum agama yang memang kerjaannya cuma berteriak tentang moralitas, tetapi moralitasnya sendiri dipertanyakan. Karena tubuh kalian, saya jadi teringat Al Masih ketika berhadapan dengan orang-orang yang ingin merajam Maria Magdalena. Al Masih dengan tegar mengucapkan, “Siapa yang merasa dirinya tidak pernah berdosa, silakan jadi orang yang pertama merajam Maria Magdalena!”. Nah, orang-orang yang sekarang mengecam dan menghujatmu, mungkin memang tidak pernah mempunyai dosa sama sekali. Sehingga lupa, dan bertindak bagai Tuhan. –Ah, siapa sebenarnya juga Tuhan?-

Tubuh kalian menjadi kajian politik karena kegiatan intim yang kalian lakukan dengan gembira. Hidup menjadi bagian arena kontrol pengetahuan dan campur tangan kekuasaan. Kekuasaan tidak lagi hanya berurusan dengan subyek hukum, tetapi fokusnya pada makhluk hidup. Jadi tanggung jawab atas kehidupan memberi akses kekuasaan masuk sampai pada tubuh. Tubuh adalah politik karena seks.

Jadi, diam-diam tubuh saya...Diam-diam tubuh saya...

* Banyak dikutip dari buku ini dan makalah Kekuasaan-Pengetahuan Sebagai Rezim Wacana, Sejarah Seksualitas: Sejarah Pewacanaan Seks & Kekuasaan Menurut Foucault oleh Haryatmoko.
* Thanks to Aldo buat pinjaman buku ini.
April 16,2025
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"السلطة توجد في كل مكان، ليس لانها تشكل كل شيء، وانما لانها تأتي من كل مكان.أما ال سلطة بما تحتويه كشيء دائم، متكرر، جامد، ذاتي- الإنتاج ، فليست سوي مفعول المجموع الذي يرتسم انطلاقا من كل هذه الحركيات،التسلسل الذي يعتمد علي كل واحدة منها ويحاول بالمقابل تثبيتها.
"السلطة ليست مؤسسة، ولا هي بنية، انها ليست قوة معينة قد تكون وقفا علي البعض: بل انها الاسم الذي نمنحه لوضعية إستراتيجية معقدة في مجتمع معطي."
بعد هذا النص لك ان تتخيل مدي تركيب وعمق أفكار هذا الكتاب الصغير الحجم ولكن مليء بالاشكالات المتعلقة بخطاب الجنس والجنس لذاته وصراعاته مع السلطة بمعناها الفضفاض ليس بمعناها المتداول .
April 16,2025
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Not about sex. Ok, you’re gonna get a bit of sex towards the end, but it’s not really something to fap to. Unless you have a thing for long sentences and elaborate syntax, in which case you’ve hit the jackpot.

Rather, the book is about power and knowledge and how they relate to and influence the human body. Basically sexuality is the means by which the powers that be know about and control your body. And the powers that be which developed this “scientia sexualis” are not, at least in the modern age, all-powerful “sovereign” powers, but a lattice of power-relations, of statistics and controls, that aim to normalize rather than prohibit sexual practices. In order to achieve this normalization, they employed four techniques to develop this science of sex, whose primary purpose is to know the truth about our bodies and the mecahnisms of sex and by which sex becomes a medical subject of investigation, as oppposed to the “ars erotica” of other cultures, where the primary purpose of sex is pleasure. They are the hysterization of women, the transformation of child sexuality into a pathology, birth-control, and the pathology of perversion. And then sex, which is clearly a quantifyable physical act, is, at the same time and because of its ubiquity, the base on which sexuality rests its analysis and speculations.

So yeah, a distinctly satisfying intellectual endeavour, but definitely not fap material here.
April 16,2025
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Why one more review?

Reading our comrades' review, one is very surprised. First of all, many seem to think this book "outdated", which is quite surprising - towards Foucault's writings, the question probably is if we failed the test of time, rather than if he did...

More interesting, most seem to be deceived by the title, and assume this is a book about "sexuality".

Indeed, the discourse on sexuality (Victorian Era, confession, psychoanalysis, etc.) forms its background. The real subject, however, is power and the subject : this book was written just after Discipline and Punish where his thesis on power were already outlined.

As such, it contains Foucault's famous criticism of the sovereign theory of power. It also deeply contested the conception of power as being exclusively a censorship machine, which says what is right and what is wrong, what is legal and what is illegal. Power is also something which produces stuff - the last chapter on populations and nazism should be enough for readers to understand that this book is concerned with something much larger than "sexuality".
April 16,2025
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A much more difficult Foucault - and not nearly as interesting as his history of madness. He seems to take a long time to get started and does seem to repeat himself an awful lot.

All the same, the ideas around the difference between Western and Eastern notions of sexuality are well with thinking about. Essentially Eastern sexuality is an erotic thing - something understood through experience. Western sexuality is 'scientific' in the sense that it only makes sense once we can talk about it.

Freud is interesting in this context. Foucault makes a remarkable observation that psychoanalysis serves much the same function in the Western tradition as the Catholic confession did. We can only be sure our sexuality is 'normal' once we have been able to verbalise our concerns and have these assessed and approved by an expert. Foucault has occasional insights that really are mind blowing.

But this book is hard work and it is hard to see what point is served by making it quite so difficult.
April 16,2025
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I hated the way this book is written. I felt the theories presented didn't justify the complexity of writing. I'm disappointed.
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