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Rating(3.9 / 5.0, 99 votes)
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3 stars
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99 reviews
April 1,2025
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Membaca buku ini pas dengan momennya. Karena seperti kita ketahui bersama, beberapa minggu terakhir ini, kita bisa menyaksikan betapa kekuasaan mampu menggapai, menembus dan mengontrol individu sampai pada kenikmatan-kenikmatan yang paling intim. Tanpa perlu saya sebutkan siapa aktor individu tersebut, kita dipahamkan dari peristiwa ini, bahwa di seputar hubungan intim itu telah dibangun perlengkapan serta mesin untuk memproduksi kebenaran. Artinya seks ternyata bukan hanya masalah sensasi dengan kenikmatan, atau hukum dan larangan. Tetapi di dalam seks dipertaruhkan masalah benar dan salah.

Dalam buku ini, Foucault ingin menegaskan, seks mau dirumuskan menjadi suatu kebenaran yang perlu diatur. Maka perlu mencurigai bahwa di dalam seks ada rahasia penting karena masyarakat butuh produksi kebenaran. Maka seks harus masuk dalam rejim tatanan pengetahuan. Meskipun tidak mampu mengimajinasikan kenikmatan baru, setidaknya menemukan kenikmatan akan kebenaran kenikmatan. Dari wacana tentang seks bisa ditarik kesimpulan adanya kenikmatan untuk mengetahui, menemukan, tertarik melihat, mengatakan, mempercayakan rahasia dan menjebak kelicikan.

Ada konspirasi kekuasaan-pengetahuan sehingga kekuasaan menjangkau sampai pada perilaku yang paling individual dan intim. Di media tulis, seks selalu ada dan menjadi kolom yang tak terlewatkan. Kolom itu biasa diasuh oleh seorang pakar: dokter, psikolog, psikiater. Kehadiran pakar ini adalah ilustrasi betapa kekuasaan-pengetahuan merambah kehidupan paling intim subyek. Lalu kelihatan bahwa kekuasaan terhadap seks hanya bisa membuat larangan atau hanya bisa mengatakan tidak. Kekuasaan bisa mengambil bentuk instansi yang mengatur. Dalam hal ini, kekuasaan memberi peraturan, sah atau tidak, boleh atau dilarang. Dengan demikian, seks dipahami hanya dalam kerangka hukum. Kekuasaan membentuk lingkaran larangan sangat beragam, dari jangan berbicara; jangan mendekat; jangan menyentuh; sampai pada jangan melakukan. Tujuan lingkaran larangan ini ialah agar seks meninggalkan dirinya.

Foucault memberikan contoh, salah satu dimensi larangan adalah sensor. Logika sensor yang terpateri dalam larangan bisa mempunyai tiga bentuk, yaitu menyatakan tidak boleh; menghalangi jangan sampai dikatakan; menyangkal bahwa ada. Ketiga hal ini merupakan bentuk mekanisme sensor. Cara beroperasi sama di semua tingkat. Kekuasaan atas seks beroperasi dengan cara yang sama pada setiap tingkat, yaitu mereproduksi hukum, larangan dan sensor. Cara beroperasi ini berjalan secara sama baik di tingkat negara, keluarga, agama, penguasa, ayah, pengadilan atau semua instansi dominasi sosial. Jadi kekuasaan adalah banyaknya hubungan kekuatan yang melekat pada bidang di mana ia beroperasi; permainan melalui perjuangan dan bentrokan tanpa henti untuk mengubah, memperkuat dan membalikkan. Kekuasaan itu menyebar, ada di mana-mana.

Prosedur kebenaran, menurut Foucault, ialah cara bagaimana suatu praktik sosial mendapat legitimasi. Hanya prosedur itu sangat ditentukan oleh struktur pemaknaan suatu jaman dan konteks tertentu, yang pada gilirannya, menentukan cara berpikir, bertindak dan menilai. Dua prosedur untuk memproduksi kebenaran seks: pertama, ars erotica (Cina, Jepang, India, Roma, Arab-Islam); dan kedua, scientia sexualis (Barat). Dalam ars erotica, kebenaran digali dari kenikmatan itu sendiri sebagai praktik dan dikumpulkan sebagai pengalaman. Perspektif ini tidak dipahami dalam kerangka hukum (boleh-dilarang) atau criteria kegunaan. Seks dipahami dalam kenikmatan, intensitas, kualitas khas, keberlangsungan, pantulan dalam tubuh dan jiwa. Sedangkan, dalam scientia sexualis, yang dikembangkan adalah prosedur yang mengatur bentuk kekuasaan-pengetahuan. Kekuasaan pengetahuan ini mengurus masalah pengakuan. Ritus-ritus dibuat untuk memproduksi kebenaran (teknik pengakuan, prosedur penuduhan, interogasi, penghilangan bukti kesalahan, sumpah, duel, pengadilan Tuhan). Pengakuan dihargai sebagai sarana menghasilkan kebenaran.

So, Ariel, Luna, Tari, karena tubuh kalian, bangsa ini bergerak mundur lagi beberapa langkah. Hanya karena tubuh kalian. Sementara itu, ada ribuan tubuh di Sidoarjo yang terampas haknya karena luapan lumpur dari Lapindo yang sampai sekarang tidak tahu nasib akan membawa mereka kemana. Ribuan tubuh itu jauh dari riuh pemberitaan di media. Tapi hanya karena tubuh kalian, media mendulang untung yang luar biasa.

Saya sama sekali tidak menyalahkan tubuh kalian. Toh kalian melakukannya tanpa keadaan terpaksa. Abaikan kaum agama yang memang kerjaannya cuma berteriak tentang moralitas, tetapi moralitasnya sendiri dipertanyakan. Karena tubuh kalian, saya jadi teringat Al Masih ketika berhadapan dengan orang-orang yang ingin merajam Maria Magdalena. Al Masih dengan tegar mengucapkan, “Siapa yang merasa dirinya tidak pernah berdosa, silakan jadi orang yang pertama merajam Maria Magdalena!”. Nah, orang-orang yang sekarang mengecam dan menghujatmu, mungkin memang tidak pernah mempunyai dosa sama sekali. Sehingga lupa, dan bertindak bagai Tuhan. –Ah, siapa sebenarnya juga Tuhan?-

Tubuh kalian menjadi kajian politik karena kegiatan intim yang kalian lakukan dengan gembira. Hidup menjadi bagian arena kontrol pengetahuan dan campur tangan kekuasaan. Kekuasaan tidak lagi hanya berurusan dengan subyek hukum, tetapi fokusnya pada makhluk hidup. Jadi tanggung jawab atas kehidupan memberi akses kekuasaan masuk sampai pada tubuh. Tubuh adalah politik karena seks.

Jadi, diam-diam tubuh saya...Diam-diam tubuh saya...

* Banyak dikutip dari buku ini dan makalah Kekuasaan-Pengetahuan Sebagai Rezim Wacana, Sejarah Seksualitas: Sejarah Pewacanaan Seks & Kekuasaan Menurut Foucault oleh Haryatmoko.
* Thanks to Aldo buat pinjaman buku ini.
April 1,2025
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There's some interesting juxtapositions here, but if you've read a reasonable amount of Freud, had some early exposure to Thomas Kuhn, and plowed through a lot of Max Weber (as Foucault has, compare "Discipline & Punish" to the 2 Volume "Economy & Society" and the more difficult "Methodology of the Social Sciences"), there's nothing especially new here. The punch line is interesting, and I give Foucault credit for his striking formulation of it, but I'm not blown away.
April 1,2025
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نوشتن فوکو پر از تکرار بود. می‌توانست با نظم و ترتیب بیشتر و تکرار کمتر بنویسد.
به نظرم مهم ترین ایده ی کتاب رد گفتمان حقوقی و ارائه  مدلی از قدرت است که به مفهوم میدان در فیزیک شبیه است.
"قدرت در هر لحظه و در هر نقطه در هر رابطه‌ای میان نقطه‌ای با نقطه‌‌ی دیگر تولید می‌شود"
"قدرت چیزی نیست که تصاحب شود، به دست آید یا تقسیم شود، چیزی که نگه داشته شود یا از دست بگریزد، قدرت از نقاط بی‌شمار و در بازی روابطی نابرابر و متغیر اعمال می‌شود"
  مفاهیمی مثل گفتمان، استراتژی، سامانه گنگ هستند و تعریفی از آن‌ها ارائه نمی‌شود.
فوکو تلاش می‌کند از این مدل قدرت برای تبیین این ایده‌ی خود که از پایان سده‌ی شانزدهم به گفتمان در آوردن سکس نه تنها سرکوب نشده بلکه تشویق و تحریک هم شده، استفاده کند.
در جاهایی خوب جواب می‌هد مثلن درباره‌ی نقش روانکاوی. ولی گاهی دوباره در دام گفتمان حقوقی می‌افتد و شروع می‌کند که به صادر کردن گزاره‌های کلی درباره‌ی سرمایه‌داری.

April 1,2025
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um. what can i say about this book that hasnt already been said? i read it my second year of college and it blew my mind, and in a good way, unlike kant, who made me cry actual tears in overwhelming frustration. foucaults ability to trace the burgeoning relationship between science and sexuality, the changes in the ways of perceiving a womans body, the notion of the creation of (a) sexuality, and, of course, the dynamics of power and discourse, are nothing short of brilliant in this classic study of poststructuralism.

one dissatisfaction, which is true of the majority of foucaults works: he implies, sometimes more vehemently than others, that everything starts in the modern era, which is, as known to numerous scholars, simply untrue.

i wish he were alive. id buy him a beer and beg him to love me, even though i am lacking the proper sexual organs that he was attracted to.

i love me some foucault.
April 1,2025
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I hated the way this book is written. I felt the theories presented didn't justify the complexity of writing. I'm disappointed.
April 1,2025
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First off, let me just say that if you are confused by this book (you are not alone), there are SPARKNOTES on it - accompanied by Harry Potter memes. That blew my mind. I was confused, but I soldiered through because life is short and I foresaw diminishing returns.

Foucault's doesn't write a history of sexuality the way a normal person would, starting at the beginning of history. He writes about stuff that he's interested in, in any random order, because he's an interesting guy who knows a lot and he'll talk about what he pleases. He's a dancer, a poet; not a bean-counting social scientist. The first section is about Victorians, pushing back against Steven Marcus' book  The Other Victorians: A Study of Sexuality and Pornography in Mid-Nineteenth-Century England. I was a little confused about the point, it seems to be that rather than being repressive about sex as we think of them (and hence of ourselves as liberated in contrast), the Victorians were all about sex, as long as it was studied in a scientific, not a pleasurable, way. This he traces back to the Christian practice of confession, which was heightened during the Counter-Reformation. An anonymous Victorian guy wrote an incredibly detailed book about his sex life, which you can read online. Then there is a lot of stuff about power, and about how sexuality isn't only about Capitalism, which you would have assumed because of course you would, you're reading Foucault.

Basically if Foucault has a programme, it seems to be that we shouldn't try to taxonomise sexuality in any way, and that constructs such as homo/heterosexual, licit/illicit sex, childhood sex, incest, deviance etc, are all unnecessary labels. If we all have power, instead of the state, then we can just be happy and satisfied and not stress about how our sexuality should be expressed. You might think that this raises a lot of concrete practical questions, but they aren't discussed here. The word "discourse" is used unironically. Like, A LOT.

I would love to read a book as erudite and historically informed as this one, but one that was not written by an alien, that deigned to engage with questions about consent, about the digital Porntopia, about real-life sexual identities and how they have changed over time. This is often a very interesting book, but it is mired in outmoded ideas (there's a lot about Freud), and even in its time I suspect it can't have illuminated too much to anyone.
April 1,2025
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feels wrong to even rate tbh. style-wise, roughest thing I’ve ever read. content-wise, don’t know where else to find these ideas.
April 1,2025
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Update 10.2020 - after starting reading de Beauvoir's book, I realised what a pretentious and superficial book this one is.
The guy just wanted to justify his "hidden" gay-ness and sadomasochistic behaviour.

A very interesting book, almost an eye-opener when it comes to sexuality. Ever asked yourself what sexuality actually is and when the human behavior regarding sex became a name? Why masturbation is such a hard theme to talk about? when sex other than "marital relation aimed at producing children" became taboo? You will find some answers in this great book.
It didn't get 5 full stars because I have to say, the way Foucault expresses his opinions is sometimes so twisted, construction of the sentence is so strange, that even if you read it four times with a pencil in your hand, you still don't understand where he is getting at.
Still a very good book and I can wait to read his other work.
April 1,2025
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Ακατάσχετη φλυαρία, παλιλλογία και κενολογία.
April 1,2025
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چرا فوکو همیشه مرا حیرت‌زده می‌کند؟ به‌نظرم فوکو صرفا یک پژوهشگر علوم انسانی نیست؛ بلکه با ذکاوت لایتناهی‌اش، همیشه مسائلی بدیع را در علوم انسانی، زیر ذره‌بین عینک دانشش می‌برد. او همیشه چیز جدیدی برای ارائه دارد، از اولین کتابی که از او خواندم «تاریخ جنون» تا گفتمانی درباره‌ی تاریخ سکشوالیته. واقعاً بررسی این موضوع از مدخل سیاسی، یعنی تأثیر قدرت بر سکس و برعکس، موضوعی بی‌نهایت جذاب و قابل تأمل است.
April 1,2025
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Have you ever written an essay and thought of a couple of ways to formulate your argument? Have you then had difficulties deciding which one to use? Fear not, Foucault has an answer: use all of them! every. single. one. And then add 15 more!

This is an essential book, it's fundamental in its field and will be really useful for my master thesis. But I have already understood his "there was never an actual repression of sexuality"-hypothesis after twenty pages. Even with the multitude of examples and complex descriptions, this could have easily been explained in half of the pages — maybe a third. Halfway through I was just like: i gET IT please just stop REPEATING THE SAME THING with teeny-tiny additions 50 TIMES, I am begGING YOU

Still 4 stars for the actual content & its continuing relevance, I guess.
April 1,2025
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Sexuality rather than being one part of ourself, has become an identity that define who we are. Foucault brilliantly using genealogical method aimed at unmasking the complexities of socially constructed power relations that spreads through the discourse on sexuality. He wrote against repressive theory that suggest, sexuality since the 17th century has been repressed and consequently needs to be liberated to achieve true freedom. For Foucault, not only the discourse on sexuality has been proliferated even more outside the marriage framework through public institutions, but also it is an effort to overturn the absolutist agenda from "the right of death" to "power over life" which focuses on sexual health and controlling population. What we readers can understand rather than the topic of sexuality is that how power is not something we simply posssed or dismiss but it exist through differential structure of multiple power relations.
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