Ulysses, James Joyce
Ulysses is a remarkable modernist novel penned by the Irish writer James Joyce. It was initially serialized in parts in the American journal The Little Review from March 1918 to December 1920. Subsequently, it was published in its entirety in Paris by Sylvia Beach on 2 February 1922, which coincidentally was Joyce's 40th birthday. This novel is widely regarded as one of the most crucial works of modernist literature. In fact, it has been described as "a demonstration and summation of the entire movement".
According to Declan Kiberd, "Before Joyce, no writer of fiction had so foregrounded the process of thinking". Ulysses chronicles the various appointments and encounters of Leopold Bloom in Dublin during an ordinary day, specifically 16 June 1904. The novel takes its name from the Latinised form of Odysseus, the hero of Homer's epic poem the Odyssey. It establishes a series of parallels between the poem and the novel, with structural correspondences between the characters and experiences of Leopold Bloom and Odysseus, Molly Bloom and Penelope, and Stephen Dedalus and Telemachus. In addition, it incorporates events and themes from the early 20th-century context of modernism, Dublin, and Ireland's relationship to Britain.
The novel is highly allusive and also imitates the styles of different periods of English literature. For example, Episode 12, Cyclops, is narrated by an unnamed denizen of Dublin. The narrator visits Barney Kiernan's pub where he meets a character known only as "The Citizen". There is a belief that this character is a satirization of Michael Cusack, a founder member of the Gaelic Athletic Association. When Leopold Bloom enters the pub, he is berated by the Citizen, who is a fierce Fenian and anti-Semite. The episode concludes with Bloom reminding the Citizen that his Saviour was a Jew. As Bloom leaves the pub, the Citizen, in anger, throws a biscuit tin at where Bloom's head had been, but misses.
The chapter is marked by extended tangents made in voices other than that of the unnamed narrator. These include streams of legal jargon, Biblical passages, and elements of Irish mythology. Overall, Ulysses is a complex and innovative work that has had a profound impact on the development of modern literature.