The first night of reading the book;

The night of the earthquake and the aftershocks that continued until morning along with sleeplessness, worry, and 'not understanding'.

A night when by reading a few pages of the book, several dozen people were added to the statistics of corpses (the cemetery that you read about us...).

The second night of reading the book;

A night when we were following the news and the situation of the earthquake-stricken in the neighboring province; homeless, without food and medicine in a temperature that dropped below zero at night (the shameful government of us).

A night when we had already escaped death safely, perhaps death would also escape from us safely (perhaps the future of us!).

A night when Italy did not go to Russia...

+ A personal memory in a space that perhaps could never be converted from 'currently reading' to 'read'.

This description vividly portrays the various emotions and experiences during those nights. The earthquake brought chaos and uncertainty, with the fear of death lurking around. The act of reading the book seems to be a strange juxtaposition against the backdrop of such a disaster. The mention of the government being shameful implies a sense of dissatisfaction and disappointment. The thought of Italy not going to Russia adds an element of mystery or perhaps a hint of a larger context. Overall, it creates a complex and evocative picture of a particular time and place.

This book consists of 6 articles. The linguistic achievements in the study of the mind: past, present, and future, form and meaning in natural languages, the nature of the form of language, and finally, linguistics and philosophy.

Dr. Korosh Safavi in his preface has stated: This work, like all classic works of different fields, has its own characteristics. Over time, the audiences of this type of texts are specialized people who deal with the study of works that may have lost their scientific validity of their time and only form a part of the chain of human effort in the path of thinking and knowing the unknowns.

Chomsky also in the foreword of the book has stated: The six chapters present can be divided into two groups. The first three articles of this collection were published in 1968 under the name "Language and Mind". These three articles related to the linguistic achievements in the study of the mind (past, present, and future) were written based on lectures that were read by Chomsky in front of a large number of university audiences at the University of California in January 1967. These three articles form a set that is different from the three subsequent articles.

This work is a translation of the book "LANGUAGE AND MIND" which was first published in 1999 by Hermes Publications.

Hermes Publications has made "Language and Mind" available to enthusiasts in a hardcover format, 272 pages, with a print run of 1500 copies at a price of 35,000 rials in August 1987.

The second lecture is dedicated to the developments in linguistics in recent years in the field of the study of the mind, and finally, the third article is a discussion based solely on speculation about the future methods of studying the mind and language. Chomsky in these three articles tries to prove that linguistics is a branch of psychology, especially cognitive psychology. The author at the end of these three articles and after a sharp, serious, and at the same time strange conclusion - because after the era of Ferdinand de Saussure or Leonard Bloomfield who emphasized the independence of linguistics, this view of Chomsky cannot be considered as an advantage for the science of linguistics and maintain its status - concludes that:

Certainly, for the deep-rooted problems of language and mind, with the help of the studies that are currently being actively carried out, a definite solution or even an indication of a final answer is not conceivable. However, these problems can be formulated in new ways and looked at in a new light. It seems to me that for the first time in years, a serious situation has arisen for fundamental progress in the study of the achievements of the mind in the field of the innate principles and foundations of the acquisition of knowledge. We are still in many respects, even at the first step, far from achieving a real answer to the deep-rooted problems of this field. In this regard, the main problems related to the creative application of language can be exemplified, which, like in the past, remain unresolved. The study in the field of global semantics, with all the importance that it undoubtedly has in the exact examination of the structure of language, has made less progress from the Middle Ages to the present. Other important fields can also be exemplified in which progress has been slow or has not occurred at all. So far, real progress has only been made in the field of the study of formal principles that make the creative application of language possible and determine the phonetic and semantic content of the parts of speech. Our understanding of these structures and functions, although incomplete and fragmented, but in my opinion, has real implications for the study of human psychology. By following the various types of studies that are now possible and by paying close attention to the issues that are currently examinable, it is possible to provide the opportunity to even explain in some details the abstract and exact calculations that to a certain extent determine the nature of our perceptions and the characteristics of our acquirable knowledge - completely special methods of interpretive phenomena that, to a wide extent, are beyond our awareness and control and may be specific to humans.

The fourth article of this book, titled "Form and Meaning in Natural Languages", according to Chomsky, is a non-specialized lecture that he delivered in January 1969 at Gustavus Adolphus College in Minnesota for high school students, college students, and teachers. In fact, in this article, some of the basic concepts presented in the previous three articles are reviewed, and at the same time, some of the newer studies in the field of the interpretive meaning of syntactic structures are mentioned:

"My approach to the study of language in this discussion leads to a branch of theoretical human psychology. The aim of this approach is to show and explain the mental abilities that make the learning and application of language easy for humans. As far as we know, these abilities are specific to the human species and are not seen among other living beings. If the results of this research can be correct, then it must be accepted that humans must inherently possess a very rich and prominent set of mental characteristics that determine a certain form of language based on few and relatively meager data. In addition, humans creatively use the language that has a mental image. This work of his is, on the one hand, limited to a set of rules and, on the other hand, for expressing new ideas about past experiences or expressing current emotions, he acts freely in an unusual and abstract way. If this claim is correct, then it is no longer possible to hope to examine the "control" of human behavior in terms of incentive conditions, reinforcement timings, the formation of habitual structures, behavioral patterns, and the like. Of course, it is possible to show these controls and patterns by creating a limited environment, but no reason can be found to prove that by using such methods, we can achieve anything about the potential abilities of humans, except for the results that are obtained from observing human behavior in prison, the army, or in many classrooms. The basic characteristics of the human mind cannot be known with such research, and if I may be allowed to give a "non-specialized" theoretical conclusion at the end of my speeches, I must say that I am personally very happy about this."

But the fifth article is a more specialized and technical article. This article is primarily written for psychologists and linguists, and according to the author, it is actually an appendix to the work "The Biological Foundations of Language" by Eric Lenneberg. In this article, Chomsky has tried to present a concise and systematic theory of generative-transformational grammar and explain and justify its place in human psychology.

In the sixth article, which appears in the book under the title "Linguistics and Philosophy" and the translator of the book has considered it as the masterpiece of this collection. Chomsky lists the common interests between the fields of linguistics and philosophy, especially epistemology, and shows the intersection point of these two fields. This lecture, which was read in April 1968 at the University of New York in the presence of professional philosophers, examines the latest studies in the field of linguistics and presents valuable views about the nature of human knowledge, the foundations of its acquisition, and also the methods of acquisition. After a difficult discussion that requires a lot of attention and perseverance from the reader in understanding the content, Chomsky concludes that:

"In short, I doubt that linguistics, in its current conditions, can provide a "new art" for analytic philosophy that is worthy of attention. However, it seems to me that the study of language can clarify some results about human knowledge and to some extent also prove that it is directly related to the classic issues of the philosophy of mind. In my opinion, it is in this field that we can expect a truly fruitful cooperation between linguistics and philosophy in the coming years."

The book "Language and Mind" requires a reader who is fairly familiar with the principles of the science of linguistics and at the same time has truly understood and accepted the concept of "perseverance, patience, and attention to detail" in understanding difficult scientific issues. The views presented in the book "Language and Mind" are significantly different from Chomsky's views today - although in some places, there is a significant difference from Chomsky's explanations - although we are aware in the book - but this very issue, while indicating his evolution in re-evaluating his past views, is also a part of the chain of human effort in the path of thinking and knowing the unknowns.

"Language and Mind" is a new work by Chomsky, translated by Dr. Korosh Safavi and edited by Mr. Ali Solhjoo, a classic work in the field of linguistics whose existence in the library of every enthusiast and new researcher of "language" is necessary.

As someone without a background in linguistics, I initially struggled to follow the ideas put forth by Dr. Chomsky.

However, I was intrigued by the points he made regarding the significance of language and its understanding in relation to understanding the mind.

His insights opened my eyes to the complex interplay between language and cognition.

Although I found the concepts challenging, I am determined to gain a better understanding.

I plan to re-read this work after delving into some of the other works he mentioned for reinforcement and to build a stronger foundation.

This will allow me to approach his ideas with a more informed perspective and hopefully unlock a deeper appreciation for the profound impact of language on our mental processes.

I look forward to the journey of exploration and discovery that lies ahead as I continue to engage with the fascinating field of linguistics.