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A tour-de-force of many astute observations on animals (mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and insects) displaying pleasure in the form of play, discovery, anticipation, feasting, sharing, grooming, sex and love.
The core argument is that having an experiential interpretation of animal behaviour does not conflict with an evolutionary interpretation, but rather, complements it. We may understand an evolutionary interpretation as concerning genetic changes in a population over time (an increase in group fitness), and an experiential interpretation as concerning the lifeworld of individuals (desires, affects, pleasures and pains). Jonathan Balcombe argues that an overemphasis on evolution as an abstract calculation of utility blinds us to experience as the living embodiment of evolutionary adaptations. An animal doesn't calculate the utility of fucking prior to the act, it fucks because it feels good. Pleasure is one of the great motivators utilised by evolution to develop adaptations that stick.
There is also the further argument that many animals are sentient; having a flexible mind is, evolutionarily, far less wasteful than having a rigid mind preprogrammed for the totality of all life's encounters. Though animals do display mechanistic behaviours (like us), many also develop personalities which change over time. They remember faces, painful experiences, friends and family; they have culture, create interspecies bonds, play pranks and engage in useless behaviours (like repeatedly sliding down snow hills, because it's hella fun).
Anyway, I'm too sleepy to write anything more. It's a really good book. Here's my original review after reading the chapter on sex:
The core argument is that having an experiential interpretation of animal behaviour does not conflict with an evolutionary interpretation, but rather, complements it. We may understand an evolutionary interpretation as concerning genetic changes in a population over time (an increase in group fitness), and an experiential interpretation as concerning the lifeworld of individuals (desires, affects, pleasures and pains). Jonathan Balcombe argues that an overemphasis on evolution as an abstract calculation of utility blinds us to experience as the living embodiment of evolutionary adaptations. An animal doesn't calculate the utility of fucking prior to the act, it fucks because it feels good. Pleasure is one of the great motivators utilised by evolution to develop adaptations that stick.
There is also the further argument that many animals are sentient; having a flexible mind is, evolutionarily, far less wasteful than having a rigid mind preprogrammed for the totality of all life's encounters. Though animals do display mechanistic behaviours (like us), many also develop personalities which change over time. They remember faces, painful experiences, friends and family; they have culture, create interspecies bonds, play pranks and engage in useless behaviours (like repeatedly sliding down snow hills, because it's hella fun).
Anyway, I'm too sleepy to write anything more. It's a really good book. Here's my original review after reading the chapter on sex:
Ahahahha, nature invented gay interspecies orgies, oral sex and autoeroticism. Move the fuck over fascists! Your family values were already genderfucked by mommy earth! AhahahAHA!