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46 reviews
April 17,2025
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Nietzsche wrote this in attempt for cultural renewal in Germany which he saw as declining parallel to that of the classical Greeks. He and Marx agreed that Greek antiquity was the highest embodiment of art because it incorporated both Dionysian and Apollonian forces that illustrate the human condition. Dionysian is seen as both a creative and destructive force which Nietzsche highly esteems and believes culture advancement arises from, while Apollonian is more structuring and contemplative, reflecting human civilization. These two concepts battle for control over humanity but Nietzsche sees both balancing the other out in a natural check that when combined, formed the Greek tragedy. Nietzsche sees Richard Wagner's music as the key to a rebirth of tragedy for his own modern society. German music to Nietzsche was a kind of incarnation of Dionysian in art and could potentially affect the rebirth of tragedy. Nietzsche also gives a reflection of the decline of Greek tragedy to his own modern society. He claims that Euripides killed Greek tragedy with the coming of rationality and the socratic thinking which led to the end of the value of myth, mystery and suffering in place of the human knowledge. Socrates is attributed for draining the ability for people to participate in art because of rationality and the "sober man" or "theoretical man" that emerges from Socratic lust for knowledge. Ironically, when Socrates is in prison, he has the desire to play music, which he had considered as inferior but Nietzsche states he must have felt that emptiness man rational men feel and need for the art of Dionysian. Overall, didn't enjoy Nietzsche's famous aphorism style of writing and after reading his preface, which he wrote more than 10 years after the publishing of this early work, Nietzsche even criticizes his writing style as being immature and alien to him. He constantly states throughout this book that the existence of the world is justified only as an aesthetic phenomenon, criticizing his own modern society of being overly rational, yet claims this book is not Romanticism... okay.
April 17,2025
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نیچه در این اثر(تولد تراژدی)، مخالفِ نفیِ بوداییِ شوپنهاور از اراده است. او استدلال می‌کند که زندگی ارزش زندگی کردن با وجودِ سختی‌های بسیارش را دارد. نیچه جهان زیست را جهانی هراس‌آور و وحشت‌زا می بیند، اما برخلاف شوپنهاور که در نهایت تسلیم‌شدگی را واکنش انسان در برابر چنین هجومی تشخیص می‌دهد، نیچه با پی افکندن نیروی اراده و در واقع تسلیم‌ناشدگی فلسفه‌ای دیگر در قبال این جهانِ تراژیک ترسیم می‌کند: «رازی در جهان هست که زندگی را هراس‌آور و تراژیک می‌سازد»؛ اما «به یاری هنر می توان از این هراس و سویۀ تراژیک زندگی عبور کرد.» سنت فلسفی آلمانی از آنجایی که همواره به جامعۀ یونان باستان همچون تجلی جامعه‌ای آرمانی و انسانی و آزاد می‌نگرد، نیچه نیز در بیان نمونه‌ای عالی و حقیقی از کار هنری به دوران یونان و نیروهای آفرینندۀ آنها نظر دارد. نیچه معتقد است که «یونانیان به خوبی از راز آن دنیای پنهان باخبر بودند. بزرگی و عظمت روحشان در آن بود که تسلیم آن جهان نمی‌شدند.

او هوادار فلسفهٔ آرتور شوپنهاور فیلسوف شهیر آلمانی بود و با واگنر آهنگساز آلمانی دوستی نزدیکی داشت. وی بعدها گوشهٔ انزواء گرفت و از همه دوستانش رویگردان شد.
او در طول دوران تدریس در دانشگاه بازل با واگنر آشنایی داشت. قسمت دوم کتاب تولد تراژدی تا حدی با دنیای موسیقی «واگنر» نیز سروکار دارد. نیچه این آهنگساز را با لقب «مینوتار پیر» می‌خواند. برتراند راسل در «تاریخ فلسفه غرب» در مورد نیچه می‌گوید: «ابرمرد نیچه شباهت بسیاری به زیگفرید (پهلوان افسانه‌ای آلمان) دارد فقط با این تفاوت که او زبان یونانی هم می‌داند.»
April 17,2025
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این اثر، مخالفِ نفیِ بوداییِ شوپنهاور از اراده است. نیچه استدلال می‌کند که زندگی ارزش زندگی کردن با وجودِ سختی‌های بسیارش را دارد. نیچه جهان زیست را جهانی هراس‌آور و وحشت‌زا می بیند، اما برخلاف شوپنهاور که در نهایت تسلیم‌شدگی را واکنش انسان در برابر چنین هجومی تشخیص می‌دهد، نیچه با پی افکندن نیروی اراده و در واقع تسلیم‌ناشدگی فلسفه‌ای دیگر در قبال این جهانِ تراژیک ترسیم می‌کند: «رازی در جهان هست که زندگی را هراس‌آور و تراژیک می‌سازد»؛ اما «به یاری هنر می توان از این هراس و سویۀ تراژیک زندگی عبور کرد.» سنت فلسفی آلمانی از آنجایی که همواره به جامعۀ یونان باستان همچون تجلی جامعه‌ای آرمانی و انسانی و آزاد می‌نگرد، نیچه نیز در بیان نمونه‌ای عالی و حقیقی از کار هنری به دوران یونان و نیروهای آفرینندۀ آنها نظر دارد. نیچه معتقد است که «یونانیان به خوبی از راز آن دنیای پنهان باخبر بودند. بزرگی و عظمت روحشان در آن بود که تسلیم آن جهان نمی‌شدند، بلکه با آن می‌جنگیدند و همین برای آنان به معنای آری گفتن به جهان بود.» نمود این به مبارزه‌طلبی، جسارت و قدرت، دیونیسوس است. خدایی که اوج حرکت است و دشمن خمودگی، تسلیم و تحقیر: خدای رقص. «دیونیزوس بی‌پایان است: می‌رقصد، چون رقصی بی‌پایان، جسم را در فضا نمایان می‌کند. مکان را ردّ می‌کند و او ذات موسیقی است.» حالت موسیقایی، حالتی قالبی است که بر جان هنرمند در هنگامِ آفرینش هنری سایه می‌افکند. هنرمند با روحی دیونیسوسی، جرأت نه گفتن به شرایط موجود و امّا آری گفتن برای جنگ با زندگی خشن را دارد. در اینجاست که می‌توان هنرمند را معادلی برای جانِ آزاده دانست.
April 17,2025
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The Greeks, Nietzsche argues, were in the period of their greatest achievements thoroughly pessimistic but found in artistic creativity the only possible justification for existence. An interesting premise, to say the least: art and its creation the reason for living. Anyway, as a result of this belief they produced Greek tragedy, what many consider the noblest affirmation of human life. Nietzsche goes on to argue that the later development of Greek culture, particularly the influence of Socrates and Euripides, was not, as so many modern classicists have maintained, the high point of Greek achievement, but a significant decline, the onset of a sickness from which the world is still suffering (a significant symptom of which is our preoccupation with morality, especially Christian morality and our faith in scientific scholarship). I find so much within his writing that I can contradict but I nevertheless respect his writing and find it well worth the time.
April 17,2025
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چیزی که ناراحتم می‌کنه اینه که نیچه اصلاً اشاره نمی‌کنه به این‌که ایده‌ی خدای آپولونی و دیونیسوسی رو از هولدرین گرفته.
ولی حالا می‌تونیم از این ماجرا بگذریم.
زایش تراژدی اولین اثر نیچه است و زمانی نوشته شده که به شدت تحت تأثیر شوپنهاور بوده و طرفدار پروپاقرص موسیقی واگنر. نیچه براین باوره دلیل شادکامی و سعادت یونانی‌ها این بود که علی‌رغم تلخی‌ها و رنج‌های زندگی نه تنها راهی برای غلبه بر پوچی و بی‌معنایی زندگی پیدا کردن، بلکه چنان نیرویی داشتن که حتی بر ایرانیان نیز پیروز شدن و دلیلش رو بستر مناسبی می‌دونه که اجازه‌ی ظهور و زایش تراژدی رو فراهم کرد و این بستر مناسب نتیجه‌ی به هم پیوستن خدای آپولونی - خدای تفرد و مرزکشی و اخلاقیات - و خدای دیونیسوسی - خدای وحدت و مستی و موسیقی - می‌دونست. به نظرش در تراژدی نیروهای آپولونی و دیونیسوسی به هم می‌پیوندند. اما بعد که سقراط می‌آد و خردگرایی رو ترویج می‌ده درواقع روح تراژدی رو می‌کشه و واسه همینه که نیچه عاشق سوفوکل و آیسخولوسه، ولی از اوریپید بدش می‌آد. و جالبه که درست برعکس اوریپید تنها سوفیستیه که افلاطون اونقدرا هم باهاش بد نیست.
حالا نیچه معتقده بعد از گذشت قرن‌ها در موسیقی واگنر می‌تونیم امکان زایش دوباره‌ی تراژدی رو شاهد باشیم چون این‌جاست که دوباره اون نیروی آپولونی و دیونیسوسی به هم پیوستن و قدرت موسیقی واگنر می‌تونه همون نقش سازنده‌ای رو که تراژدی برای یونانیان داشت، برای آلمانی‌ها هم داشته باشه.
April 17,2025
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نیچه در این کتاب آپولون و دیونیزوس رو به‌عنوان دو اصل بنیادی و متضاد در هنر و فرهنگ معرفی می‌کنه. این دو اصل نه تنها نماینده‌ی دو نیروی متفاوت در طبیعت انسانی هستند، بلکه به عقیده‌ی نیچه، ترکیب و تضاد این دو نیرو سرچشمه‌ی آثار هنری باشکوه، به‌ویژه تراژدی یونان باستان بوده.
آپولون نماینده‌ی عقلانیت، وضوح، نظم و تعادله. این اصل با هنرهای بصری مرتبطه و نماد زیبایی کلاسیک، هارمونی و فردیت محسوب میشه. هنر آپولونی با استفاده از فرم، ساختار و مرزهای مشخص، تجربه‌های انسانی رو در قالبی ایده‌آل و رؤیایی بازنمایی می‌کنه. نیچه آپولون رو نماد تلاش انسان برای معنا بخشیدن به هرج‌ و مرج و خلق جهانی عقلانی و قابل فهم می‌دونه.
در مقابل دیونیزوس نماینده‌ی شور و هیجان، بی‌نظمی، جنون و تجربه‌ی جمعیه. این اصل به احساسات شدید، آزادی بی‌قید، و اتحاد با نیروهای طبیعی و دیگر انسان‌ها می‌پردازه. هنر دیونیزوسی شامل موسیقی و جشن‌های دیونیزوسیه که فرد رو از خودش رها میکنه و به حالت یگانگی با هستی و طبیعت می‌رسونه.
نیچه معتقده که هنر یونانی، به‌ویژه تراژدی، نتیجه‌ی برخورد خلاقانه‌ی این دو نیروی متضاده. تراژدی باستانی از زیبایی آپولونی و شور دیونیزوسی به طور همزمان بهره می‌بره. این تضاد، هنر تراژیک رو به نوعی زیبایی دردناک تبدیل می‌کنه، جایی که انسان با درد و رنج زندگی روبه‌رو می‌شه ولی در عین حال از شکوهش لذت می‌بره.
به عقیده‌ی نیچه فرهنگ‌ها و آثار هنری زمانی به اوج می‌رسند که بتونند تعادل بین این دو نیرو برقرار کنند. بعد اشاره میکنه که فلسفه‌ی سقراط و گرایش به عقلانیت محض، اصل دیونیزوسی رو به حاشیه برد و هنر و فرهنگ از پویایی و عمق خودشون کم شدند.
این اولین کتاب نیچه، به عقیده‌ی من بعد از زرتشت، زیباترین و بهترین اثرشه و با اینکه کمتر از باقی آثارش بهش پرداخته شده، اما سرشار از ایده‌هاییه که لایه‌های عمیق هنر، فرهنگ و انسان رو واکاوی می‌کنه.
April 17,2025
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Holy BASED, Fredrich showed me the way and upon completing this book I wrote a Wagnarian opera about Nietzsche's life. Call that a new german tragedy
April 17,2025
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For those who first started to read Nietzsche with his later books like me, this first work would seem a bit contradictory by operating in the discourse of German Idealism and using dialectics as a thought paradigm. It was interesting for me when I encountered with acounts of Kant and Schopenhauer as people who launched an assault on western metaphysics, but then again Nietzsche was not untrue for it is clear that eventhough Kant's organon was still a metapysical and classisist study of metaphysical problems, he, with Schopenhauer, discerned the crack in the western metaphysics. The crack was that every philosophical system up to their time was functioning within a nexus of essentialistic dichotomies and the counterpart of the center in that nexus was always working as a legitimizer for the former. In that sense, as it will be revealed by Hegel, this counterpart is nothing but a representation, a thing-in-itself, an Idea, a Form, the essence, etc. The unchanging transcendental Other, by reference to which, the center of the system was held intact.
It seems that Nietzsche was becoming aware of those problems at that time, but still couldn't leave them and set sail to wild seas. However, his arguments have strong anti-dialectical undercurrents which try to overcome that metaphyisical burden he inherited from his predecessors.
He also mentions this problems in his foreword to second edition, "An Attempt to a Self-Critisicm", so what I say is not entirely new. But overall it is a pioneering work of aesthetics and philosophy, one of the first which furthered that crack in the western philosophy and tried to shift the paradigm into a revolutionary direction.
April 17,2025
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The main Nietzschean text presented in this book is The Birth of Tragedy Out of the Spirit of Music, published in 1872. The “other writings” are an updated forward Nietzsche wrote for Birth of Tragedy a dozen years after its initial publication, and two short essays, “The Dionysiac World View,” and “On Truth and Lying in a Non-Moral Sense.” I’ll confine my review to The Birth of Tragedy, which is why I read the book.

Birth of Tragedy is a sprawling essay with extremely dense ideas ranging across many subjects, not always presented in order. The difficulty, and pleasure, of reading the essay is its provocation at almost every turn. It is un-skimmable. Almost every paragraph, every sentence, must be parsed, processed, and evaluated. It goes without saying, I may have completely missed Nietzsche’s meaning on any topic!

Pessimism
Nietzsche writes that the ancient Greek tragedians were fundamentally pessimists because they were obsessed with a life guided by pursuit of knowledge, and that pursuit can only end in tragedy, as demonstrated by Sophocles’ great play, Oedipus Rex.
If you pursue knowledge, as Oedipus did, and as Socrates advocated, it will surely end in grief, because it’s a fool’s errand. Why? Because there is no knowledge worth having. All of life is illusion, and at the end of it, you die anyway. Death undercuts the possibility of optimism about life. So if the Greeks pursued knowledge, they were necessarily pessimists.

But wait! There are two kinds of pessimism.
1. The pessimism of weakness: What’s the use: we’re all gonna die.
2. The pessimism of strength: Enjoy pleasure now, while you can, before you die.

Individualism
Nietzsche says that individuality is a delusion so strong, you cannot hope to shake it off. You must either accept that illusion, and live a lie, or die. No other choices. Makes sense to me.

Evil
Why is there evil? This is the problem of theodicy: how can God be good when there is such evil in the world? Nietzsche gives three answers:
a. Evil is necessary for free will to be expressed by resisting evil, and free will is good. Therefore evil is necessary for there to be good (an answer John Milton would have liked).
b. Evil is necessary for good to flourish in the long run;
c. There is evil because the gods are evil because man is evil and man made up the gods.

Christianity
Nietzsche argues that Christianity is hostile to life. Why? Because it looks to “the other world,” the so-called “hereafter.” For Christianity, we are all horrible sinners. The afterlife is the good stuff.
Furthermore, the impulse to live is a lust for life and sensuality, but Christianity abjures lust. Christianity desires stasis, eternity, and evenness without change. In that, Christianity is nihilistic.

Nietzsche also accuses Christianity of being against art. Art, which depicts the world, is prior to morality, neither good nor bad. But if morality is absolute, as Christians say, art is without meaning. Plato would have agreed.

Knowledge
Knowledge is useless, Nietzsche writes, and pursuit of it is futile. Why? Because you’re going to die anyway, all your knowledge is useless in the face of death. But it's worse than that. Pursuit of knowledge is not only futile, it is sinful. The sin is hubris, offending the gods by trying to acquire the knowledge that only the gods possess (e.g., the knowledge of good and evil). The ancient Greeks were obsessed by hubris because the gods will punish the whole community for the transgression of one individual. So shut up and don't ask so many questions.

Death
The fact of, and the certainty of death, make life meaningless. Hence life itself is tragic. Nietzsche says, “[Life] says to us: ‘Take a look! Take a close look! This is your life! This is the hour-hand on the clock of your existence!’” (p.113).

What should we do? Nietzsche says the correct response is laughter and dance. That is the Dionysian core of art: the raw experience prior to individualism and the source of creativity and will. The fundamental lust for life and its exuberance are the source of all genuine art, and since the lust for life is indestructible, the production of art is eternal, and the individual can, and should participate in that eternity. A great answer!

The Dionysian
The Dionysian experience is that of rapture, or ecstasy; a self-transcendence that leads to the loss of the sense of self, and especially, according to Nietzsche, a temporary loss of individualism. Some people argue that wild self-abandon is wrong or at least, unhealthy, but Nietzsche insists otherwise. Dionysian ecstasy is magic, he says. Man is the product of primordial chaos, so to dip into the Dionysian is to return to one’s authentic roots. If that frightens some people, too bad. Party time!

Art as Dialectic
The ancient Greeks distinguished two kinds of artist: the Apollonian sculptor, who shapes form from raw clay, and the Dionysian musician, who shapes nothing, but submits to the non-rationality of ecstasy. These two kinds of art arose from fundamentally different, even conflicting motives within humans, the Dionysian and the Apollonian.

Perfection of living is achieved in art, and especially in music. Apollonian reason creates (sculpts) music, but to perform it, and especially to listen to it, you lose yourself and go into Dionysian ecstasy. That's why art is the meaning of life. It contains everything that matters.

Socrates and The Death of Tragedy
Nietzsche despairs that the ancient Greek tragedy did not survive long. It was killed off by none other than the evil Socrates and his partner in crime, Euripides. Euripides started producing comedies instead of tragedies. Comedies are about individuals slipping on banana peels, not about the transcendence of tragic experience. Euripides should have been forced to drink Hemlock along with Socrates, Nietzsche says. Socrates' crime was reason. Science (reason) is anti-music. Even modern education hates and fears art, focusing instead on science, the delusional desire to know everything.

The Rebirth of Tragedy?
Nietzsche ends his essay on a note of hope that maybe all is not lost. Art can redeem us! However, his hope is tinged with an unfortunate historical creepiness because of its overt Germanic chauvinism, coming just a generation before the rise of the Nazis. Not Nietzsche’s fault, of course, but still.

Art, and music especially, can revive tragedy, transcendence, and the meaning of life.
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