“He crushed her to him in a fierce embrace; her slender body yielded to his touch as he bent over her; and her round arms stole softly across his broad shoulders, around his neck, drawing his dark head to her as he planted hungry kisses on her closed eyes, the column of her throat, the parted petals of her fresh young lips.” (105)What fun Wolfe must have had writing this. In 626 tightly printed, densely packed pages, Wolfe tells the story of his alter ego, Eugene Gant, born in 1900. The pages are dripping and leaking and flooding and inundating your puny intake orifices with inky words. (I’m demonstrating here, in case you’re taking me seriously. And FYI, Part 2 of the three parts gets so heavy with modifiers that it becomes almost funny. Can you follow this parenthetical bit? Sorry, but it’s nothing compared to the book itself.)
He felt, rather than understood, the waste, the confusion, the blind cruelty of their lives—his spirit was stretched out on the rack of despair and bafflement as there came to him more and more the conviction that their lives could not be more hopelessly distorted, wrenched, mutilated, and perverted away from all simple comfort, repose, happiness, if they set themselves deliberately to tangle the skein, twist the pattern. (136-137)Alas, a little less than 200 pages later, I found myself skimming and then drowning, and decided that reading this once in a lifetime, even if I can’t remember it, will suffice. Still there are things I admire here. Despite his excessiveness, Wolfe expresses the nuances of life and, with a sage’s X-ray vision, the many layers of Eugene Gant and all the people who surround him. ________ *I read the 1929 edition which was trimmed by 60,000 words at the bidding and hands of the immaculate editor Maxwell Perkins (see a wonderful movie about Perkins and Wolfe called \\n Genius\\n) and is still torturously overwritten. In 2000, the original cuts were restored in a new edition; read at your own peril. **Because it is 2016, I feel compelled to note the business-as-usual racism in the book for younger readers. This book would never be published now not only because of the overwriting but because the culture would not accept this expression of a white Christian’s take on Blacks and Jews. But if you can accept this kind of stuff as representative of the time when it was written, read it.
Nota preliminar aclaratoria
I have read Look Homeward, Angel simultaneously in three editions:
1. The standard English edition first published by Charles Scribner's Sons in 1929.
2. The English edition published by Penguin in 2006, in which cuts have been made to the Scribner edition equivalent to about 55 - 60 pages.
3. The manuscript edition of the novel, titled O Lost, which Wolfe presented to Scribner in January 1929 and which underwent significant editorial cuts before publication. That original manuscript was published by Matthew and Arlyn Bruccoli in 2000 with minimal editorial intervention (see here my review of this edition).
I have also consulted during the reading the two existing Spanish editions:
1. The one translated by José Ferrer Aleu for Bruguera in 1983 from the Scribner English edition, and later published by Valdemar.
2. The one translated by Miguel Ángel Pérez for Trotalibros from the Penguin English edition and, therefore, has a significant number of cuts compared to the previous one.
Valoración
From the comparative reading of the edition published by Scribner as Look Homeward, Angel and the 2000 edition of O Lost, which is about two hundred pages longer, I conclude that the latter deserves a higher overall rating. Firstly, because it contains extensive passages that give meaning to the work as the narrative of a family saga and not just the mere bildungsroman of Eugene Gant, which is what Max Perkins, Scribner's editor, reduced the work to. And secondly, because the drastic pruning and editorial reorganization of the original -forced by Perkins, although accepted by Wolfe- did not solve, but rather aggravated, the narrative structure problems of the original.
Both O Lost and Look Homeward, Angel lack that intelligent management of rhythm and narrative structure that give unity and coherence to a work in the reader's mind and turn it into something more than a mere linear chronicle of events. However, if we disregard the above, Wolfe's writing is often lyrical and absolutely inspiring, to the point of making this novel, in any of its editions, a great American novel.
Style: 5/5
Narrative Structure: 3/5
Reseña
“One morning at the beginning of July, sixty-five years ago, two boys were standing by a Pennsylvania roadside on the outskirts of the little farming village of York Springs, watching a detachment of the Confederate Army …”
With this passage, Wolfe began the manuscript of his great American family epic about the Gants and the Pentlands. It was the one he submitted typed with the title of O Lost to Max Perkins, the editor of Scribner, and the one that Perkins, according to Wolfe, would subject to a pruning that left 626 pages instead of what would otherwise have been 825. Unfortunately, the quoted passage along with another fifty-six pages that constituted the prologue about the origins of the Gants and the Pentlands in O Lost did not survive the sieve.
•
Look Homeward, Angel (henceforth Angel), the published version of O Lost, consists of forty chapters divided into three parts that range from the union of Oliver Gant and Eliza Pentland to the graduation of their son Eugene from the university. The first part briefly narrates the “Yankee” origins of Eugene's father, the family life of the Gant couple in Altamont (the fictional name Wolfe gives to his native Asheville), the awakening to consciousness of the child Eugene, and the emancipation of the mother, Eliza, who acquires Dixieland to establish a boarding house. The central events of the second part are mainly related to the education that the pre-teen Eugene Gant receives at the private school of the Leonard couple. The third part, which deals with Gant's university experience, contains as a climax the death of his brother Ben during the Spanish flu epidemic.
•
O Lost/Angel is thus a family story perhaps inspired by one of Wolfe's favorite works: The Buddenbrooks. But it is also a bildungsroman around the figure of Eugene Gant, a sketch of Wolfe. The comparison with A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce is inevitable. In fact, there are passages in O Lost/Angel that are clearly Joycean.
•
The novel has a declared autobiographical root: Eliza and Oliver, the parents of Eugene, are Julia Westall and Oliver Wolfe, the parents of Thomas. A central character like Ben Gant, whose death gives rise to some of the most beautiful pages of the book, is none other than Benjamin Wolfe, Thomas's brother.
•
Other relevant characters in the novel are: the Leonard couple, Eugene's teachers, Laura, his girlfriend, some of the boarders of Eliza in Dixieland, and, of course, the books and the train trips.
•
As I said at the beginning, I share the idea expressed by many critics that O Lost and, even more so, its edited and published version Angel, do not achieve an adequate narrative structure; but who cares when Wolfe's language is full of lyricism, as Peter Handke said. Whoever doubts it should read his wonderful lyrical prose in the following scene at the foot of Ben Gant's grave that closes chapter 37:
\\" Wind pressed the boughs, the withered leaves were shaking. It was October, but the leaves were shaking. A star was shaking. A light was waking. Wind was quaking. The star was far. The night, the light. The light was bright. A chant, a song, the slow dance of the little things within him. The star over the town, the light over the hill, the sod over Ben, night over all. His mind fumbled with little things. Over us all is something. Star, night, earth, light … light … O lost! … a stone … a leaf … a door … O ghost!… a light … a song … a light … a light swings over the hill … over us all … a star shines over the town … over us all … a light.
We shall not come again. We never shall come back again. But over us all, over us all, over us all is — something.
Wind pressed the boughs; the withered leaves were shaking. It was October, but some leaves were shaking.
A light swings over the hill. (We shall not come again.) And over the town a star. (Over us all, over us all that shall not come again.) And over the day the dark. But over the darkness — what?
We shall not come again. We never shall come back again.
Over the dawn a lark. (That shall not come again.) And wind and music far. O lost! (It shall not come again.) And over your mouth the earth. O ghost! But, over the darkness, what?
Wind pressed the boughs; the withered leaves were quaking.
We shall not come again. We never shall come back again. It was October, but we never shall come back again.
When will they come again? When will they come again?
The laurel, the lizard, and the stone will come no more. The women weeping at the gate have gone and will not come again. And pain and pride and death will pass, and will not come again. And light and dawn will pass, and the star and the cry of a lark will pass, and will not come again. And we shall pass, and shall not come again.
What things will come again? O Spring, the cruellest and fairest of the seasons, will come again. And the strange and buried men will come again, in flower and leaf the strange and buried men will come again, and death and the dust will never come again, for death and the dust will die. And Ben will come again, he will not die again, in flower and leaf, in wind and music far, he will come back again.
O lost, and by the wind grieved, ghost, come back again!