Simply brilliant. In the second half of Homer's epic The Iliad, we witness the wrath of Achilles in all its might. The very first word of the epic-poem is "wrath", and it is on full display here. After Hector slays many Achaeans, especially Achilles' beloved Patroclus, Achilles is roused into action, and the tide of the war turns against the Trojans. For instance, towards the end, Achilles declares, “….but Hector, son of Priam, I will not give to the fire to feed on, but to dogs.” (Homer. The Iliad: p. 507). It becomes a tale of one man's revenge for the loss of his dear friend. Up until this point, Achilles had refused to participate in the war due to his disputes with Agamemnon.
Fortunately, the gods safeguard Hector's body from decay, and his father, King Priam, can retrieve it by paying a hefty ransom to Achilles. Achilles is someone you would not want to anger. Here he is in a fury, saying to Hector: “Implore me not, dog, by knees or parents. I wish that somehow wrath and fury might drive me to carve your flesh and myself eat it raw because of what you have done……” (Homer. The Iliad: p. 479).
What is interesting is why Zeus would allow Hector, a mortal he loved more than any other, to die at the hands of Achilles. Achilles' mother, Thetis, is a goddess loved by both Zeus and Poseidon. She was given to Peleus by the two male gods, and through their union, Achilles was born. Zeus promised Thetis that he would give Achilles glory, even though he was fated to die at the hands of Paris' bow at Troy. The logic of the Greek gods is not always easy to follow. There are many soldiers in this war who are related to one of the gods and thus come under their protection or 'aegis', while other mere mortals have to fend for themselves.
It is not revealed until the end that Helen was abducted by Paris 20 years ago, and the war is now in its 10th year. Why did it take the Achaeans 10 years to reach Troy? (Apparently, there was an earlier abandoned voyage). The war is incredibly bloody and, like any battle, brings countless sorrow, creating many widows and orphans. As Achilles tells King Priam (after slaying Hector and Priam comes to reclaim his body): "For so have the gods spun the thread for wretched mortals, that they should live among sorrows; and they themselves are without care." (Homer. The Iliad: p. 601). I can almost hear the self-righteous atheists in the background cheering.
What is also interesting is how some of the gods, like Pallas Athene (who also appears in the Odyssey and loves Odysseus), would descend onto the battlefield to assist, either by protecting certain figures or rallying their strength and courage. The Greek gods seem quite bloodthirsty or "insatiate of war", enjoying the spectacle of men killing each other and having various livestock slaughtered in their honor. I wonder what they would think of animal rights groups or pacifists?
All in all, this is a fantastically told tale by Homer, one of the greatest storytellers of all time. The true greats of literature are Shakespeare, Dante, and Homer (plus a few others like Catullus and maybe Joyce). If I had to choose between Homer's epics, in terms of language, they are equally beautiful, but I slightly prefer the Odyssey due to the variety in the tale and the numerous adventures of Odysseus. I read the Odyssey first, but I should have started with The Iliad (where Odysseus also appears), then read The Aeneid (as Aeneas survives the fall of Troy to found Rome), and finally the Odyssey.
I plan to read The Aeneid next month. It was written by the Latin poet Virgil, who came long after Homer's time. I'm curious to see what happened to the sons of Troy after its fall. Fantastic epic book - read it, read it, read it!
PS - There are a couple of surprises in this story. There is no mention of the Trojan Horse at all. It must appear in another story, perhaps The Aeneid? PPS - The death of Achilles is not mentioned either, although it is prophesied in several parts, including by his mother Thetis. The epic concludes appropriately and dignifiedly with the burial of Hector among the Trojans.
I studied Homer intensively as a student. I delved deep into his works, did extensive research on him, and even taught about him when I was working as a classicist. However, this time was truly different. It was the first time that I read the Iliad in my cozy armchair, rather than at my desk, surrounded by piles of learned commentaries. It was the first time that I simply allowed myself to go with the flow of the story, to enjoy it for its own sake, without frantically digging into every single detail.
Reading the 552 OCT pages of stunningly fresh Greek in this way was an absolutely breathtaking and extremely rewarding experience. Although I'm well aware of the so-called Homeric question and know that unity is often considered an anachronistic concept when discussing the epics traditionally attributed to Homer, I was amazed at how marvelously well the Iliad actually functions when read as if it were a novel. It's like a solid, very unified, and well-designed symphony centered around a single theme.
The Iliad problematizes the key values of the warrior culture, which is centered on honor and glory, by telling a story that couldn't possibly have a different ending and ultimately results in only losers. Everyone loses, and the losses are truly unspeakable. It also struck me how incredibly well the Iliad is written, even though 'written' might perhaps be the wrong word. The narrative techniques, the handling of suspense, the character portrayal, the dialogues and descriptions, the tension, and the details - it's all by no means inferior to any modern masterpiece of western literature. To say the least.
I was also astounded by the precision of the language. Even though the formulaic diction might seem to presuppose a certain degree of standardization and students are taught not to weigh every single word of Homer as they would in a modern poem, one should actually do so because Homer makes every detail count. Most of all, I was enchanted and moved by the humanity of Homer's psychology. This almost three thousand years old song, born in a society that we would likely abhor, set on a bloody battlefield and singing of a brutal war that is not ours, manages to be miraculously soft, gentle, and humane. That's what it's all about, actually. That's why there is truth and wisdom in the Iliad. That's why Homer is the wisest of teachers.